Theories
This psychologist is seen as the most prominent developer of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov.
This is some stimulus that causes a sensory response, but does not produce the reflex being tested.
The neutral stimulus (NS)
This was the name of the nine-month-old infant who was subject to a classical conditioning experiment by his mother.
Little Albert
This theory by Ivan Pavlov states that a neural bond or association forms in the brain between the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, eventually the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and acts like a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus.
Stimulus Substitution
This is some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex.
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
This was the animal used in Pavlov's famous classical conditioning experiment.
Dogs
As a criticism of Pavlov's stimulus substitution theory, researchers proposed this theory that says that classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired close together in time. As a result of this contiguous pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, which elicits the conditioned response.
The contiguity theory.
This is an unlearned, innate, involuntary, physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus.
The unconditioned response (UCR)
This is the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response.
Generalization
Classical conditioning occurs because the organism learns what to expect is the main idea of this theory.
The cognitive perspective.
This is a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously emitted by the unconditioned stimulus.
The conditioned stimulus (CS)
This procedure is a form of counterconditioning because it replaces, or counters, fear and anxiety with relaxation.
Systematic desensitization
This psychologist challenged and surprised most researchers when he came up with the cognitive perspective theory.
Robert Rescorla
Something that is elicited by the conditioned stimulus, is similar to the unconditioned response.
The conditioned response (CR)
This is the tendency for the conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials.
Extinction.