Classical vs. Operant Conditioning

1

100

In learning theory, the naturally occurring response is called the: 1) unconditioned response 2) conditioned response 3) classical response 4) operant response

1) unconditioned response

200

Which of the following does not increase the strength of the conditioned response in classical conditioning? 1) more pairings of the conditioned with the unconditioned stimulus 2) presenting the conditioned stimulus a considerable time before the unconditioned stimulus 3) increasing the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus 4) always following the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus

2) presenting the conditioned stimulus a considerable time before the unconditioned stimulus

300

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning in terms of the way in which the conditioning arises?

Classical conditioning results from the pairing of two stimuli (UCS and CS) whereas the operant conditioning results when a response is followed by a reinforcer.

400

Identify UCS, UCR, CS and CR: Each time you take your dog Jake on a walk, you call "Jake, time for a walk!" and when he comes, you take him for a walk. As of recently, you've started to jingle his leash right before you call him. Now whenever you jingle his leash, he knows it's time for a walk. (assume Jake knows his name very well and knows what the words "time for a walk" signifies)

UCS: "time for a walk!" UCR: Jake comes to you (when you call him) CS: jingle of the leash CR: Jake comes to you

500

UCS: meal UCR: sick to your stomach CS: advertisement for the restaurant CR: feeling of nausea Devise a scenario that satisfies these components:

Answers will vary. (ex) You have a particular meal at a fast-food restaurant that causes you to be sick to your stomach. The next time you see an advertisement for that restaurant in a magazine, you feel nauseous.

2

100

Classical conditioning was originally researched most extensively by: 1) Watson 2) Skinner 3) Pavlov 4) Bandura

3) Pavlov

200

Classical vs. Operant conditioning: When my son has gone for a week without arguing with his sister, he gets to choose which favorite activity he wants to engage in on Friday night.

Operant conditioning: anything other than arguing will be reinforced in this example

300

Which statement best describes Pavlovian conditioning? 1) modification of behavior by reinforcement 2) an anticipatory biological response 3) any influence upon learned behavior by reflexes 4)learning from the effects of behavior 5) establishing a connection between behavior and its consequences

2) an anticipatory biological response

400

How is the concept of contingency different from contiguity?

Contingency: one event happens only after another event has already occurred (second event is dependent upon occurrence of the first) Contiguity: occurrence of two or more events at the same time

500

An instructor smiles at you and calls on you most times that you raise your hand to answer a question. Given this scenario, define the stimuli and the responses with respect to each the teacher and the student.

With respect to the instructor, smiling and calling on you are responses, but with respect to the student, they are stimuli

3

100

The dog's salivation in response to a musical tone was a/an (conditioned/unconditioned) response

conditioned

200

Q: Operant conditioning can be used effectively for all of the following except a) learning new responses b) learning to make an existing response to a new stimulus c) increasing the frequency of an existing response d) decreasing the frequency of an existing response

b) learning to make an existing response to a new stimulus

300

Identify UCS and CS: To treat alcoholics, we sometimes put nauseating chemicals in their drinks Eventually the taste of alcohol becomes less attractive.

UCS:nauseating chemicals CS: alcohol itself

400

Identify UCS, UCR, CS and CR: A girl or guy you have a crush on always uses the same perfume. Now whenever you smell that brand of perfume you think of him or her and feel happy.

UCS: smell of your romantic interest's perfume UCR: attracted to him/her and feel happy CS: smell of this brand of perfume CR: thinking of him/her and feeling happy

500

Identify UCS, UCR, CS and CR: The smell of pastries from your local bakery makes you hungry. Soon every time you see a bakery, you feel hungry.

UCS: smell of pastries UCR: feeling hungry CS: sight of bakery CR: feeling hungry

4

100

Name 2 conditions necessary for operant conditioning to occur.

1) The learner must make a response 2) The reinforcer should depend upon the learner's response

200

Classical vs. Operant conditioning: my cat never gets on the furniture when I am around. Explain your answer.

Operant conditioning: we can assume that cat is probably being punished when the owner is around causing the cat to distinguish between when the owner is around and when the owner is not.

300

When a conditioned stimulus occurs repeatedly in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response may decrease and eventually disappear. What is this phenomenon called?

Extinction

400

Identify CS and CR: When presented with a friendly white rat, baby Albert initially reacts by crawling towards the rat and playing with it. In future trials, Mr Watson bangs a steel rod with a hammer every time Albert tries to reach towards the rat so that Albert learns to fear the rat.

CS: sound of hammer banging the steel rod CR: feeling of fear

500

Classical conditioning has many implications for classroom instruction. As a teacher trying to teach a fearful child how to swim, how can you apply classical conditioning theory to teaching?

Answers will vary. Ensure slow and gradual progression. (ex) You can begin the first lesson by playing games in a baby pool, moving to deeper water gradually as the child gains confidence.

5

100

A teenage boy starts to study more often after receiving his first A in a difficult class. Is this an example of operant or classical conditioning?

Operant conditioning

200

Which of the following is not true of classical conditioning? a) an association is made between two stimuli b) the participant is active c) responses are involuntary d) range of responses is relatively simple

b) the participant is active

300

Bobby gets overly anxious every time he tries to solve a complex math problem. As a teacher, how might you address Bobby's anxiety while still ensuring that he learns the necessary mathematical concepts?

Answers will vary. (ex) Start by assigning him relatively easy problems that he can readily solve then gradually increase the difficulty of the math problems only as he demonstrates increased self confidence

400

What considerations must you take into an account regarding your influence on students' behavior?

You must be aware of what behaviors you are reinforcing so that you increase the occurrence of positive behaviors and you must be careful not to encourage behaviors that you wish to eliminate.