classical conditioning
who is the 'main guy' of classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov
who is the 'main guy' of operant conditioning?
b.f. skinner
what does 'preparedness' in terms of classical conditioning mean?
a biological predisposition to learn associations that enhance our chances of survival
who is the 'main guy' of social learning theory?
albert bandura
In Pavlov's classic experiment with dogs, what was the neutral stimulus that eventually became the conditioned stimulus?
the bell
describe operant conditioning.
process wherein we voluntarily modify our behavior based on rewards and punishments
Mary works out so that she can one day get into a D1 college. Lora works out because she enjoys doing it and feels fulfilled after a workout. Who is intrinsically motivated?
Lora
in the context of social learning, what is modeling?
the process of observing and imitating the behaviors of others
In terms of classical conditioning, what is extinction?
when a conditioned response disappears because unconditioned stimulus no longer comes after a conditioned stimulus (bell keeps ringing and no food is coming)
Mr. Reubling yells at your for being late to school. This is an example of positive/negative reward/punishment.
positive punishment
What is problem-focused coping? When do we engage in it?
attempting to alleviate stress by changing the stressor or the way we interact with it; we engage in it when we feel a sense of control over the situation
what was learned from the Bandura's bobo doll experiment?
kids immitate what they see; if they see violence, then may engage in violence themselves
The reappearance, after a period of time, of an extinguished conditioned response
Your mom says you don't have to wash the dishes tonight because you were nice to your little brother. This is an example of positive/negative reinforcement/punishment.
negative reinforcement
Someone who exhibits hopelessness and seems resigned to their fate after experiencing repeated, unavoidable aversive events is said to be experiencing ______________.
learned helplessness
what are mirror neurons?
neurons in the frontal lobe that are believed to fire when we perform certain actions or observe others doing so
in classical conditioning, what is the difference between generalization and discrimination?
generalization = when stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus (bell) elicit the conditioned response (salivating)
discrimination = ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus (bell) and similar stimuli (siren) that don't signal unconditioned stimulus (food)
What type of reinforcement schedule reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses?
What does it mean for someone to have an external locus of control?
they believe chance / outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
How does social learning theory explain behavior differently than the behavioral theories (classical and operant conditioning)?
SLT says we learn our behavior from imitating and observing others; thus the people around us play a major role in forming who we become; the behavioral theories say that the associations we make between our behavior and its correlates (classical conditioning) its consequences (operant conditioning) is what determines who we become/how we behave