The Deadly Trio
The three environmental stressors that make up The Deadly Trio
What is warming, acidification, and deoxygenation?
The environmental stressor Pteropods are a good indicator of
What is Ocean Acidification?
The effect of hypoxia on the newborn seahorses' swimming and drifting rates
What is the swimming and drifting rates of newborn seahorses did not significantly change with hypoxia?
The reason benthic (surface-lying) creatures are more vulnerable to the deadly trio/ climate change
What is limited mobility, enclosed habitats, and direct exposure to changing sedimentary conditions?
The cause behind the Deadly Trio
What is anthropogenic contributions of too much carbon dioxide to the natural carbon cycle?
The region Pteropods are most abundant
The reason hypoxia increases a fish's vulnerability to predation
What is hypoxia interrupts the fish's ability to detect the chemical signals that function as alarm cues to avoid predators?
One of the main reasons locomotion is important for A. japonicus as it relates to climate change
What is locomotion determines a species ability to migrate and many benthic animals are migrating to higher latitudes and deeper water to survive climate change?
The percent of anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 the ocean has absorbed since the Industrial Revolution
What is 30%?
The physical description of a Pteropod.
What is small pelagic (free-floating) gastropods (snails or slugs), shelled or unshelled, that swim with their wing-shaped foot?
The effect of hypoxia on ventilation rate and heart rate in newborn seahorses in response to odor predator cues
What is hypoxia decreased the ventilation rate and heart rate in newborn seahorses in response to olfactory predator cues?
The reason it is especially important to study the impact of climate change on the A. japonicus sea cucumber
What is A. japonicus are a keystone species in coastal ecosystems, they're ecosystem engineers, and they are a commercially important species in aquaculture?
The factors other than CO2 that increase ocean acidity. Especially at high latitudes.
What is increased precipitation and melting sea ice?
The reason ocean acidification is more harmful to Pteropods and other species that make their shells out of aragonite.
What is aragonite is more soluble in seawater than calcite so these species have a lower threshold for shell dissolution, shell growth reduction, and fragmentation?
The reason seahorses are especially vulnerable to environmental stressors
What is seahorses have a poor swimming ability, small home ranges, monogamous pairing, and low biological potential to produce offspring?
The negative impact the escape response to environmental stressors could have on the A. japonicus.
What is prolonged locomotion behavior significantly elevates the metabolic rate of A. japonicus and requires a lot of energy, which can impair its growth and reproductive success?
The way the Deadly Trio is interconnected
What is increased CO2 emissions lead to greater ocean acidification, which contributes to global warming because ocean acidification decreases the ocean's buffering capacity needed to absorb CO2, which amplifies ocean warming, which leads to deoxygenation because warmer water can't dissolve as much oxygen?
The feeding habits of Pteropods (A.K.A Diel Vertical Migration)
What is Pteropods rise towards the surface at night to eat, and descend into greater depths at dawn?
The measurements taken to evaluate the effects of acute hypoxia in short-snouted seahorse newborns
What is changes in swimming behavior, ventilation rate, heart rate, and responses to different chemical signals?
The measurements taken to determine the affect of the deadly trio on sea cucumbers locomotive ability.
What is movement distance, mean velocity, maximum velocity, and cumulative movement and rest time?