V1
Why is microscopy not typically useful in diagnosing respiratory infections caused by Streptococcus?
issues collecting clean/pure sample.
What could you do for a patient who had a pan-drug-resistant infection? There are no antibiotics available, so how do you treat that patient?
Ex.
Treatment can range from supportive care (ex. hydration therapy in cholera patients), antitoxins (ex. instances where disease is caused by release of toxin, immunosuppressants (where symtoms are caused by an immune response) or alternative therapies (fecal transplant to promote healthy bacteria growth).
Discuss the factors that influence the composition of an individual's microbiome and the implications of these variations.
Diet, Hygiene, Antibiotic treatment
Ex.
Diet: What an individual directly puts into their body is the basis for maintaining/feeding their existing population and determines whether some species thrive or not.
Hygiene: cleanliness, or lack there of, will determine is certain species are left to grow unchecked or are regularly maintain by proper hygiene. Hygiene will also protect against disease causing bacteria that are encountered.
Antibiotic treatment: while this is an effectively method to treat infections, antibiotics can also affect preexisting species in the body. Antibiotic treatment can also leave other preexisting species to overgrow and cause a secondary infection as a result
A 5-year-old girl develops fever, chills, myalgia, and then a distinctive rash on her face that appears as if her cheeks had been slapped. Which of the following aspects of this infection correlate with the symptoms of the early phase (fever, chills, myalgia) of the disease?
Cytokine production
What is the difference between prebiotics and probiotics? Under what circumstances would a patient want to take one or the other? What types of organisms are classically included in these products?
Prebiotics "feed" the existing microbime while probiotics are a "cocktail" of "healthy" microbes to help increase their count. A patient might take a probiotics after undergoing a round of antibiotic treatment.
A 60-year-old man died 10 days after presenting with a fever of 39°C, a severe cough, shortness of breath, and pneumonia that started 4 days after a trip to China. A positive-strand RNA virus is isolated, which in electron micrographs is enveloped but has a halo appearance around the envelope. This virus is most likely a picoronavirus.
Is this statement true or false?
False
Describe the concept of 'functional redundancy' within the human microbiome.
Functional redundancy withing the human biome refers to mulitple different species of microbes being able to carry out the same function. This is done for immunity; if one organism is targeted or at risk, the function they play does not competely stop with them
How do human herpesviruses remain latent? Where do they hide? What causes them to reactivate?
Human herpes viruses remain latent in neurons. Stressors like UV radiation, heat or spicy foods can cause them to reactivate.
How can Helicobacter pylori infection be detected?
Breakdown of Urea
A gardener has a nodular infection that is progressing along the draining lymphatics from the site where a rose thorn had pricked her hand 2 weeks earlier. Which of the following agents is most likely responsible for the infection?
Sporothrix schenckii