TRIAL BASICS
This phase of a clinical trial tests safety and dosage
What is Phase 1?
The percentage difference in outcomes between control and treatment.
What is absolute risk reduction (ARR)?
ARR of 10% means this many patients need treatment to prevent 1 event.
What is 10 (NNT=1/ARR)?
A p-value below this is considered statistically significant.
What is 0.05?
The abbreviation HR stands for this.
What is hazard ratio?
This process assigns participants randomly to groups.
What is randomization?
10% in treatment vs 20% in control gives this relative risk.
What is 0.5?
This type of risk reduction sounds better but may be misleading.
What is relative risk reduction (RRR)?
A 95% CI that crosses this number makes the result non-significant.
What is 1?
This ratio compares probability of events in treatment vs control.
What is relative risk?
Both patient and researcher are unaware of treatment group in this design.
What is a double-blind study?
The risk reduction expressed as a percentage.
What is relative risk reduction (RRR)?
If the control group has a 30% event rate and the treatment 15%, ARR is?
What is 15%?
This term means the result is unlikely due to chance.
What is statistically significant?
Used in survival analysis to show outcomes over time.
What is a Kaplan-Meier curve?
These trials occur after a drug is on the market.
You treat 10 people to prevent 1 bad outcome. This is called?
What is number needed to treat (NNT)?
A hazard ratio of 0.7 means this percent risk reduction.
What is 30%?
This interval shows where the true effect likely lies.
What is a confidence interval (CI)?
This method ensures fair comparison across groups.
What is randomization or blinding?
The inactive substance used in control groups.
What is placebo?
This statistic compares risk over time between two groups.
What is a hazard ration (HR)?
This value helps compare effectiveness across different trials.
What is NNT or hazard ratio?
A tiny p-value tells you this about the likelihood of chance.
What is very unlikely (low probability)?
This means neither group knows what treatment is given.
What is double-blind design?