Exam 1
showed that dogs could be conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell (CS) if the sound was repeatedly presented at the same time that they were given food (US).
What is Pavlov's studies on salivary conditioning?
repeatedly injected rats with morphine and tested their analgesic response using the hot plate test; discovered that the rats quickly developed tolerance to morphine's analgesic effect. When l later injected these rats with saline and tested their analgesic response on the hot plate, found that the rats showed a heightened pain response
What is Siegel's experiment on drug tolerance?
-studied the influence of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation
1. took children ages 3-5 who liked drawing
2. had 3 groups- expected award, unexpected award, no award
3. expecting an award group showed less interest in drawing and less effort
-shows rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation
What is the experiment of Lepper, Greene and Nisbett?
- His vomiting and ruminating were frequent throughout his childhood. Ruminating was common following meals, and occurred continuously throughout the day. His father reported that he vomited five or six times per day at the age of 10.
- Treated with contingent shock therapy
- resulted in reduction of ruminating and vomiting behaviors to near-zero, positive social side effects, and a substantial concomitant weight gain.
What is Brandon's Case Study?
- Do scrub jays know what food they cached and when and where they hid it?
Phase 1: One group will get to store peanuts, group B will be able to store wax worms
Five days later:
Phase 2: now they hide food on the other side, group 1 is given wax worms, group two is given peanuts
Four hours later:
Phase 3: each group is allowed to recover what they cached from their site.
- Group 2 is taught that the wax worms go bad
- In phase 3, all foods are removed, but where they were placed is located
Results:
Degrade group: learn that wax worms go bad with time
After 4 hours, prefer worms over nuts, 80% of the first inspections are searching for the worms, After five days, their first inspection is never to the worms (0%), They know they go bad after five days, Number of searches after test is much higher for peanuts, Reflects that animals know what they hid, when they hid it, and where they hid it
Replenish group: taught that wax worms don't decay with time
- Preference after 4 hours for receiving worms over nuts
- 100% the first inspection is for worms
- After 5 days, 100% of the first inspection is still worms
Pilfer group: Jay's have a habit of stealing (pilfering) food that another Jay hides
- A third group that realizes that the worms aren't there
- After 4 hours; search for the worms 100%
- After 5 days; almost no difference between searching for worms and nuts
- Pattern is changing depending on the information each group is given
- Study shows that Scrub Jays have demonstrated episodic memory
- Since the study, episodic memory has been found in other species
What is the experiment by Clayton & Dickinson?
presented child with a white rat and he showed no fear; then presented the rat with a loud bang that startled the child and made him cry. After the continuous association of the white rat and loud noise, the child was conditioned to experience fear at the sight of the rat -- he learned the fear.
What is Watson's study with Little Albert on learned fear?
-paired light with food (available only 4 seconds)
-pigeons pecked the light as soon as it came on
-as soon as light turned off, pigeons rushed to the food
-light became an extremely powerful stimulus and put procurement of food at risk to peck the light
What is Hearst and Jenkins Long Box experiment?
Participants showed a decrease in performance in the devalued condition, indicating that their behavior was controlled by the value of the outcome (Kids clicking the butterfly study) (learning of goal directed behavior)
What is Klossek et al outcome and mediated transfer study?
- at age 3, had significant developmental delays and behavior excesses; spoke in 1 word sentences, no eye contact, many tantrums daily, only ate pancakes, afraid of haircuts
- shaping used to achieve goals of getting a haircut, and eating new foods
- successive approximations
- took upwards of six months to build up to getting a haircut
- three months to eat a chicken nugget
What is Michael's Case Study?
-pigeons trained to match ti smoke with a specific delay: 0-second for control, 4-second for experimental
-then tested w/ various retention intervals
- pigeons most accurate at the trained retention interval (4 seconds)
What is the experiment of Sargission and White?
believed that association between a CS and a US depended on the contingency, not just pairing. To test this:
Used CER (conditioned suppression) procedure with rats. Three phases -
1. Trained rats to press lever for food
2. Conditioned suppression training to establish fear association with CS. Varied CS-US contingencies (t1)
3. Tested CS alone (t2) and calculated suppression ratio.
Found that contingency, not just pairing, were important for establishing CS-US association.
What is Rescorla's Contingency Experiment?
showed that rats learn a task faster and retain the learning better when each correct response is associated with a unique outcome, rather than when all correct responses are followed by the same outcome.
What is Trapold 1970 differential outcomes experiment?
Rats showed a shift in their preference for different reward magnitudes depending on their prior experience (elation: less to more vs depression: more to less)
What is the Crespi shifts in reward magnitude study?
- at age 2; non-verbal, no play, vomited to escape/avoid non-preferred tasks or activities
- extinction was used to get rid of this behavior; witholding reinforcement for previously reinforced behavior
- in trey's scenario, reinforcement is getting what he wanted
- when he vomited, they had to make sure he still completed the task he was given, whatever it was
- when they realize the previously reinforced behavior isn't working, they "up the anti" and exhibit a larger outburst (larger vomit, closer, noises, etc.)
- act as if the behavior isn't happening
- only took about two weeks to extinguish be behavior, then highly reinforced him for completing these tasks
What is Trey's Case Study?
A PROCEDURE
used to measure short-term memory, or working memory. First, a sample stimulus is presented, followed by a delay with no stimuli; then two comparison stimuli are presented, and a choice of the comparison that matches the sample is reinforced.
What is delayed matching to sample (DMTS)?
This study examined the effect of having a safe person present on artificially induced anxiety following a biological challenge among panic-disordered patients. Anxiety symptoms were induced using a 5.5% CO2-inhalation procedure. Panic patients underwent the inhalation procedure either in the presence or absence of their safe person. Nonanxious controls underwent the procedure without a safe person. Panic patients exposed to CO2 without their safe person present reported greater distress, a greater number of catastrophic cognitions, and a greater level of physiological arousal than did panic patients exposed with their safe person.
Penguin experiment; Favors Kohler's theory of a relational approach over Spence's absolute value approach
What is Manabe et al?
suggest that there is a greater tendency to respond to cues when the cues have been reinforced in a discriminated avoidance task (Premack principle and shaping).
What is the experiment of Mitchell and Stoffelmayr?
- diagnosed with Aspergers at age 12; extremely intelligent, no friends, behavior of saying whatever with no filter at all
- reinforcement was used to change his behavior
- Ahmed loved doorknobs; anytime he would have a friend come over, he had a score card, if there were certain things he did, he got a score for that, and at the end of the interaction with a friend, if he scored high enough, he could go to home depot to look at the doorknobs
- within two months, he went from not being able to have a friend over at all, to having a successful 2 hour interaction with a friend, not to say anything he shouldn't say, be complimentary, lose graciously, met all of these requirements
- reinforcement was faded, and just interaction with a peer became reinforcement enough (natural reinforcer) that they didn't have to use the score card anymore
What is Ahmed's Case Study?
- Temporal relationship between response and punishment
Discriminative punishment of a particular response is more effective than the conditioned emotional response (CER) procedure for suppression of that response (Experiment 1). In tests with a response-shift procedure (Experiment 2) and a concurrent-schedule procedure (Experiment 3), however, the magnitude of suppression of an unpunished response of subjects in a discriminative punishment procedure was indistinguishable from that of CER subjects. Thus, the suppression produced by the CER treatment is related to the signal but independent of any particular response, while the suppression produced by discriminative punishment is related both to the signal and to the specific response.
What is Church studies on effects of intensity, delay, consistency and response-contingency of punishment?
an experiment in which two separately conditioned stimuli (CSs) are paired together, followed by an unconditioned stimulus (US), resulting in the learning of an overexpectation of the US.
What is Kremer's over expectation study?
found that rats were more likely to learn a stimulus that was relevant to the outcome presented than a stimuli that was not relevant.
(Selective learning// light and tone// food or shock)
(Similar to that of Garcia and Koelling)
What is Foree and LoLordo belongingness/selective learning in instrumental conditioning experiment?
animals and children were surprised when they found the swapped out reward under the cup versus the one they were originally shown being hidden. This result shows they had some sort of expectancy of what would be under the cup. S-R theory does not predict this result.
What is Tinklepaugh monkey study?
This is an example of sensitization. Reports indicate that bed bug infestations are associated with anxiety, sleep disturbances, hypervigilance. Case of a woman with a previous psychiatric diagnosis who committed suicide following repeated bed bug infestations in apartment -- infestations were likely a trigger.
What is Bedbug case study by Burrows et all?
A THEORY
punishment does not weaken a behavior but instead produces an emotional response that interferes with the occurrence of the behavior. e.g. after a shock, a rat is too upset to eat so doesn't press the lever
What is the Conditioned Suppression Theory?