Let's focus on seizures
This seizure type is characterized by tingling, numbness, pain, sense of movement, electric shock like sensation. It starts in _____ part of the brain.
What is a focal somatosensory seizure? Where is the sensorimotor cortex?
This section of cortex controls sensory information for the contralateral side of the body. It can be found on the _______ ________ ________.
What is the somatosensory strip? What is the post central gyrus?
The anterior portion of the parietal lobe, aka the primary somatosensory cortex in the postcentral gyrus.
What is Broadman's area 1, 2, 3?
This epilepsy syndrome occurs in children between 8 and 12 years of age. It is distinguished by INFREQUENT Absence seizures. Birth and developmental history are typically normal. Treatment is required for life.
What is Juvenile Absence Epilepsy?
This structural dysfunction causes focal, rhythmic epileptiform discharges which are activated by sleep deprivation and may only be seen during sleep. The background or waking EEG can be normal.
What is focal cortical dysplasia?
Clobazam
Onfi- LGS
This seizure starts in the occipital lobe and may include the following symptoms: flashing/flickering lights, simple patterns or shapes, scotomata or amaurosis.
What is a focal sensory visual seizure?
This section of the cortex controls the motor function of the contralateral side of the body. It is located on the _____-____________ _________.
What is the motor strip? Where is the pre-central gyrus?
The posterior inferior frontal gyrus responsible for speech production. A dysfunction in this area causes expressive aphasia.
What is Broadman's area 44 and 45, Broca's area?
This epilepsy syndrome occurs in children from 2 to 12 years of age, results in absence seizure provoked by hyperventilation and is distinguished by FREQUENT absence seizures.
What is Childhood Absence Epilepsy?
Otahara syndrome
What EEG syndrome causes diffuse attenuation of the background suppression burst pattern with tonic seizures?
Carbamazepine
Tegretol- focal, partial, generalized tonic clonic or mixed types
This seizure results in buzzing, ringing, drumming, or other single auditory sensations. It occurs in the lateral superior temporal lobe.
What is a focal sensory auditory seizure?
The sensation for the feet, toes and genitals is located ______ _____.
What is the interior paracentral lobule?
The inferior frontal area responsible for complex problem solving and planning.
What is Broadman's area 10?
With an age of onset of 1-3 months, this epilepsy syndrome demonstrates frequent intractable seizures and SEVERE early encephalopathy. The majority of seizures in this syndrome are tonic seizures. It has an alias.
What is Ohtahara Syndrome, also known as Early Infantile Epileptic Syndrome?
At onset of seizures, this epilepsy syndrome shows a characteristic reduction in the typical background occipital spike wave with acute appearance of occipital faster rhythms with low amplitude spikes.
What is Childhood Occipital Epilepsy, also known as Gastaut Type?
Topiramate
Topomax- LGS, focal impaired awareness, focal impaired/aware, tonic clonic
This seizure type results in an unpleasant odor. It occurs in the mesial temporal or orbitofrontal cortex.
What is a focal sensory olfactory seizure?
The movement of the hips, then feet, then toes correlates to this area of the cortex, __________________.
What is the most medial, interior portion of the posterior frontal lobe, or pre-central gyrus?
The superior portion of the parietal lobe involved in motor planning action.
What is Broadman's area 5 and 7?
This epilepsy syndrome causes epileptic spasms between 3 and 12 months of age. It typically results in global developmental impairment. It may evolve from other epilepsy syndromes. Focal seizure may occur. The background EEG shows hypsarrhythmia. Sleep and wakening activate the spasms.
What is West Syndrome?
This epilepsy syndrome shows single generalized polyspike wave discharges with the myoclonic seizures. It may show generalized fast rhythmic spikes with tonic activity.
Neurontin
Gabapentin- focal aware/impaired aware
This seizure causes any of a variety of odd taste sensations such as acidic, bitter, salty, sweet or metallic. It occurs in the parietal operculum and the insula.
What is a focal gustatory seizure?
This section of cortex is responsible for motor movement of the contralateral hip.
What is the vertex of the central gyrus?
What is Broadman's area 9?
This seizure syndrome has a myriad of seizure types. It is categorized by the presence of seizure brought about by very specific triggers. This particular epilepsy is void of spontaneous seizures. It may be brought on by smells, light, taste, tactile, cognitive tasks or other stimulus.
What is reflex epilepsy?
This epilepsy syndrome demonstrates seizures activated by photic stimulation even in infancy. The abnormalities are enhanced by sleep deprivation and by sleep.
What is Dravet Syndrome?
Klonopin
Clonazepam- LGS, Absence, Myoclonic
A patient with this seizure type may experience dizziness, vertigo, abnormal sensations of rotation. It occurs in the parietal cortex, temporo-parietal-occipital junction or parieto-temporal cortex.
What is a focal sensory vestibular seizure?
This section of the cortex is responsible for somatosensory sensation of the head, neck and shoulders.
What is the superior portion of the anterior parietal lobe or the superior portion of the post-central gyrus?
The superior, posterior frontal zone anterior to the central sulcus is also known as _____. The section just anterior to it is responsible voluntary movement and prepare for voluntary movement.
What is Broadman's area 4, the motor strip and anterior is Broadman's area 6, the supplementary motor strip?
This epilepsy syndrome is a genetic focal epilepsy resulting in seizure seen in adolescence or early adulthood and resulting in focal sensory auditory seizures.
What is Autosomal Dominant Epilepsy with Auditory Features?
This epilepsy syndrome elicits regular 3-6 Hz generalized spike wave or polyspike wave with absence seizures.
What is Juvenile Absence Epilepsy?
Depakene
Valproic acid- absence seizures, focal aware
Focal sensory seizures of any kind may be described as ___________________ and are a result of a change in cortical discharges.
What is an aura?
The inferior portion of the pre-central gyrus or inferior portion of the most posterior section of the frontal lobe is responsible for _______________.
What is swallowing and vocalizations?
The inferior parietal lobe, aka the secondary somatosensory cortex responsible for sensorimotor planning, learning, language, spatial recognition and stereognosis.
What is Broadman's area 39, angular gyrus, and Broadman's area 40, supramarginal gyrus.
What is Lennox Gastaut Syndrome?
Ictal EEGs in this epilepsy syndrome show unilateral, posterior onset, rhythmic slow activity, sometimes with small spikes.
What is Panayiotopoulos Syndrome?
Lamotrigine
Lamictal- JME, LGS, TLE, focal impaired/aware, refractory seizures, bilateral tonic clonic, tonic clonic
This type of seizure has a wide range of symptoms all involving an alteration in cognitive function. It can cause aphasia, anomia, agnosia, alexia, memory loss or impairment, deja vu, jamais vu, hallucinations, illusions, dissociation, dyscalculia, agraphia, neglect and left/right confusion. Its cortical location depends on which additional symptom accompanies the alteration in cognitive function.
What is a focal cognitive seizure?
The middle portion of the post central gyrus elicits sensations to these body parts.
What are the elbow, forearm, wrist, hand and digits?
The inferior temporal gyrus responsible for non-alphabetical language.
What is Broadman's area 20?
This neonatal epilepsy syndrome presents with prolonged, febrile and afebrile, focal and generalized tonic clonic seizures. Most patients have a very specific abnormality in their sodium channel gene SCN1A.
It typically has an age of onset of 6 months.
What is Dravet Syndrome?
What is Startle Epilepsy?
Ethosuximide
Zarontin- Childhood and Juvenile Absence, Absence, Atypical Absence
This seizure type causes receptive aphasia. It occurs in the DOMINANT hemisphere of the parieto-temporal lobe.
What is a focal cognitive seizure with receptive aphasia?
What are the shoulder, elbow, write, hand, and digits?
The middle temporal gyrus responsible for semantic memory, sound recognition, language processing and intelligible speech.
What is Broadman's area 21?
This epilepsy syndrome has an age of onset of 1-14 years. It is characterized by focal autonomic seizures that are often prolonged.
What is Panayiotopoulos Syndrome?
This epilepsy syndrome elicits a single generalized polyspike wave during a seizure, may be activated by photic stimulation, is enhanced by sleep deprivation and sleep. The interictal EEG may have generalized 3.5-6 Hz spike or polyspike wave activity. The background EEG is NORMAL.
What is Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy?
Phenytoin
Dilantin- TLE, Focal impaired/aware, refractory, bilateral tonic clonic, tonic clonic
This seizure type results in the inability to speak.
What is a focal cognitive seizure with expressive aphasia?
Numbness and tingling of the teeth, gums, pharynx and intra-abdominal area is a result of a dysfunction in this area of cortex.
What is the most inferior portion of the post central gyrus?
The left posterior superior temporal gyrus is responsible for language processing, auditory short term memory and production of speech.
The right superior temporal gyrus is responsible for processing object and spatial information and social perception of non-verbal social cues.
What are the differences between the Broadman's areas 22 left and right?
This epilepsy syndrome is typically seen between ages 2-8. It is characterized by subacute onset of acquired aphasia. Seizures are INFREQUENT. Seizures typically spontaneously remit.
Seizures are NOT mandatory for this syndrome.
What is Landau Kleffner Syndrome?
The progression of the EEG from background to interictal to ictal is:
abnormal, high voltage irregular slowing
hypsarrhythmia
high voltage generalized sharp/slow wave followed by voltage attenuation.
What is West Syndrome?
Lacosamide
Vimpat- focal seizures