The Nervous System & The Brain
What is the basic unit of the nervous system?
Neuron
What is the most common cause of aphasia?
Stroke
What is a disruption in normal functioning caused by a blow or penetrating injury to the head?
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
What is the most common form of stuttering?
Developmental stuttering (begins in preschool years, many children are unaware of their stutter)
What happens to the vocal folds when we change pitch?
The vocal folds change in length & tension
What are the components of the brain?
Cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
Speaking in short sentences with agrammatism, labored speech with articulation/phonological errors, and difficulty with writing is characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Broca's Aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)
Term describing both pathological conditions and syndromes that result in declining of memory and at least one other cognitive ability
Cognitive Impairment
Impacted cognitive abilities:
Attention
Orientation
Abstract thinking
Executive function including reasoning/judgment, problem solving, organization, sequencing and/or planning
How many repetitions of a sound/word is considered stuttering?
More than 2
Fluid filled lesions that develop when blood vessels rupture and swell are...
For most individuals, where is language processed in the brain?
The Left Hemisphere
Fluent but at times incoherent speech and rapid-fire speech rate are characteristic of which type of aphasia?
Wernicke's Aphasia (fluent aphasia)
What are the leading causes of TBI?
Falls
Motor vehicle accidents
Blows to the head (as in sports)
Assaults
Which fluency shaping technique aims to reduce speech rate, which in turn reduces stuttering?
Prolonged Speech
Which cranial nerve is responsible for vocal fold paralysis?
CN X - Vagus (recurrent branch)
The space where electrochemical impulses pass between the axon of one neuron to the dendrites of another
Synapse
Profound language deficits in all capacities (both receptive and expressive)
Global/mixed Aphasia
Characteristics of subcortical cognitive impairments
May accompany multiple sclerosis (MS), AIDS-related encephalopathy, and Parkinson and Huntington diseases
Slow, progressive deterioration of cognitive functioning
Which fluency shaping technique focuses on reduced rate of speech AND reduced physical tension before and during instances of stuttering?
Light articulatory contacts
Red ulcerations on the posterior surface of the vocal folds
Contact Ulcers
Incoming language (listening) is processed in what part of the brain?
Wernicke's Area
The most frequent linguistic gains post stroke are typically in
auditory comprehension
Irreversible cognitive impairment
Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular cognitive
impairment/multi-infarct dementia, or mixed causes
When an individual completes the stuttered word and then deliberately pauses for at least 3 seconds, then tries to produce the word again.
Cancellation Phase
How would you treat spasmodic dysphonia?
Botox Injection