The Brain & Motor Speech Control
These motor neurons are responsible for muscle activation and represent the final common pathway
Lower Motor Neurons (LMN)
What is the difference between Dysarthria and Apraxia?
Dysarthria:
- Speech sound distortions
- Highly consistent speech sound errors
Apraxia:
- Speech sound substitutions
- Inconsistent speech sound errors
Swallowing disorders lead to increased risk of...
Choking & Aspiration
90 dB
What is the formal diagnosis for stroke?
Cerebrovascular accident (CVA) - the most common cause of aphasia
Responsible for rapid, discrete voluntary movement
(contralateral). Originates in the primary motor cortex
Direct activation pathway (pyramidal tract)
Which type of dysarthria results from lesions in the cranial and spinal nerves or in the muscle unit? Characterized by reduced respiratory capacity, breathy voice quality, reduced pitch and loudness levels, hypernasality, and imprecise articulation
Flaccid Dysarthria
The muscles move the bolus in peristaltic contractions into the stomach during which phase of swallowing?
esophageal
Sends sound directly to the cochlea and bypasses the outer and middle ear
Bone conduction
What brain related pathology affects memory, language, or visuospatial skills as a result of diffuse brain atrophy
Alzheimer disease
Regulates reflexes and maintains posture and
muscle tone
Indirect activation pathway (extrapyramidal tract)
Type of of dysarthria that is due to damage in the cerebellum. Characterized by incoordination and the improper timing of movements.
Ataxic dysarthria
Disorder in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing can lead to...
An open velopharyngeal port, which can cause substances to go in and out of the nose.
The leading cause of acquired sensorineural hearing loss
Noise-induced hearing loss
A neurogenic disorder that result in difficulty with motor movement. Acquired before, during, or shortly after birth; and affect one or more limbs.
Cerebral palsy
(commonly associated with spastic dysarthria)
What system consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Peripheral Nervous System
What is the most common residual deficit for individuals after acquiring apraxia of speech?
residual prosodic abnormalities
What is the 3 oz water challenge?
The patient passes the screening if they drink
the entire 3 ounces of water without stopping
and without coughing, choking, or other signs
of aspiration
If they fail, it is recommended they undergo
instrumental swallow examination
Negative middle ear pressure leading to eardrum retraction and the secretion of fluid
otitis media with effusion
A slowly progressive movement disorder caused by loss of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Characterized by resting tremor, slowness of movement, and difficulty initiating voluntary movements.
Parkinson's Disease
(associated with hypokinetic dysarthria)
Control circuits indirectly influence or modify movement initiated by the primary motor cortex
• Basal ganglia control circuit
• Cerebellar control circuit
• Both control circuits are part of the extrapyramidal system
Technique used for the management of apraxia focusing on prosody, emphasizing the melody, rhythm, and stress patterns of speech
Melodic intonation therapy
What would multiple swallows during swallow exam indicate?
Inadequate pharyngeal contraction
What is inserted into the eardrum for children with chronic otitis media?
Pressure equalization tubes
A degenerative motor neuron disease, characterized by progressive loss of both upper and lower motor neurons. Fatigue, muscle weakness and atrophy (muscle wasting), involuntary contractions, and reduced muscle tone. In later stages speech is labored and slow, hypernasality, and severely impaired articulation.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)