Assessment of Com Disorders
What information does a norm-referenced test provide us
Scores of a norm-referenced test compare a client
with a normative sample
What is the air valve located within the front of
the neck (composed of cartilages, muscles, and
other tissue) and is considered the primary sound generator for speech production
Larynx
When is the pre-language phase of language development
At 8–9 months. At 12 months the first meaningful word used to express an intention occurs
What is language difference
A variation in language use due to someone's cultural, regional, social, or linguistic background, such as speaking a different language or dialect. It is not a disorder
How many phonemes are in English
Spoken English has about 43 different phonemes, which are combined to form spoken words, phrases, and sentences
NOTE - Phonemes and letters are not the same
What are some procedures we can use to assess a client without a formal diagnostic test
Review case histories, questionnaires, interviews,
observations. Examination of the
peripheral speech mechanism, perform dynamic
assessment, and communication sampling
and analysis
What are the 3 cartilages of the larynx
Thyroid, Cricoid, and Arytenoid cartilages
Children produce about 50 single words
and begin to combine words predictably at what age
18 months
What is dynamic assessment
Procedures are modified to explore optimal
strategies to enhance a child’s performance. Probes performance to identify possible
intervention procedures
How do we classify consonant sounds
Manner: Degree of constriction somewhere along the vocal tract. ex. stop consonants, fricatives, affricates, nasals, glides, liquids
Place: Point of closure or constriction
ex. Bilabial, labiodental, interdental/linguadental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
Voicing: Refers to what the vocal folds are doing during consonant sound production
ex. Voiced or voiceless
On the normal bell curve, what percentile is the center peak and what does this mean
50th percentile
50% of cases will score above this and 50% will score below it.
What muscle contains the bulk of each vocal fold
Thyroarytenoid muscle
Expressive vocabulary reaches about 150–300 words by what age
By age 2
How can a language sample be analyzed
- Mean length of utterance (MLU) in
morphemes
- Average number of clauses per sentence
- Number of different words used within a given
period of time
What is a speech sound disorder
Speech sound disorders in children refer to difficulties related to how speech sounds are used in the language
(phonology) and how sounds of the language are
produced (articulation)
What is a criterion-referenced test
Test that evaluates strengths and weaknesses with regard to a particular skill
The number of cycles of vocal fold vibration per second is known as
Fundamental Frequency (pitch)
When caregivers repeat the child’s utterance in
mature form
Reformulating
How many utterances are typically collected for a language sample
50 utterances or less
What are phonological processes/patterns
a systematic error or simplification of speech sounds that young children use to make words easier to say as they are learning to talk.
Ex. Stopping (this becomes dis), reduplication (bottle becomes baba)
What is baseline data and why do we collect it
Baseline data is the client’s response accuracy for
the target behavior multiple times under multiple
conditions before beginning intervention
It is essential in determining progress and success of treatment
Adduction (come together) of the vocal folds. Subglottal pressure builds up and causes the folds to vibrate producing voice.
What are some key elements of preschool language (ages 3-4)
Can recount the past and remember short stories due to increased memory
May use substitutions
Can notice patterns and use them to produce more complex language
How do we calculate Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
# of morphemes/ # of utterances
What is the name of the sound acquisition timeline
McLeod Sound Acquisition Age Treehouse
(2020)
• Early 13 sounds: b, n, m, p, h,
w, d, g, k, f, t, ŋ, j
• Late 4 sounds: r, ʒ, ð, θ