CN

Network Perfomance

100

1. How does queuing time affect network performance?

• Queuing time is the time needed for each intermediate or end device to hold a message before it can be processed. It varies with network load; heavy traffic increases queuing time, causing delays in message processing.

200

Define jitter in the context of network performance.

• Jitter is the variation in the packet arrival time.

300

What is the bandwidth-delay product?

• The bandwidth-delay product defines the number of bits that can fill the link.

400

Explain latency and the factors that contribute to it.

• Latency defines the duration of transmission time for an entire message to arrive at the destination, calculated as the sum of propagation time, transmission time, queuing time, and processing delay.

500

What is throughput, and how is it measured?

• Throughput is a measure of how fast data can actually be sent through a medium, measured in bits per second (bps).

Layers in TCP/IP protocol Suite

100

What are the different layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite?

The document does not specify the exact layers, but it mentions that TCP/IP is structured hierarchically with multiple layers.

200

Describe the TCP/IP protocol suite and its structure.

• TCP/IP is a hierarchical protocol suite used in the Internet, made up of interactive modules, each providing specific functionality. It is thought of as a five-layer model today.

300

What is the OSI model, and when was it established?

• The OSI model is a standard that covers all aspects of network communications, established in 1947 by the ISO.

400

Explain the concept of protocol layering.

Protocol layering involves using multiple protocols at different layers to manage complex communication, where each layer provides specific functionalities and interacts with the layers above and below it

Physical structures

100

What are the two types of connections mentioned in the document?

Point-to-point (dedicated link between two devices) and Multipoint (more than two specific devices share a single link).

200

How has the Internet evolved in terms of infrastructure and applications?

• The Internet has seen rapid growth in both infrastructure and new applications, becoming a set of peer networks that provide services globally, with the invention of new applications like the World Wide Web and multimedia.

Data Communication

100

What is the significance of ARPANET in the history of the Internet?

• ARPANET was the birth of packet-switched networks, which laid the groundwork for the development of the Internet.

200

What significant communication networks existed before 1960?

• Telegraph and telephone networks.

300

Describe the three types of communication methods between two devices.

• Simplex (unidirectional communication), Half-Duplex (each station can both transmit and receive but not at the same time), Full Duplex (both stations can transmit and receive at the same time).

400

List the components of data communication.

• Message, Sender, Receiver, Transmission medium, Protocol.

500

What are the four fundamental characteristics that effective data communication depends on?

Delivery, Accuracy, Timeliness, Jitter

Protocol

100

Name at least three standard organizations involved in protocol standards.

• International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), Electronic Industries Association (EIA).

200

What are the key elements of a protocol?

Syntax, Semantics, Timing.

300

What is a protocol in the context of data communication?

• A protocol is a set of rules that governs data communication, defining what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is communicated.