The
Explain systole and diastole
systole: heart contracting
diastole: heart relaxing
What is it called when a muscle or tendon shortens, becomes inflexible, and freezes in position.
contracture
What is sputum?
mucous from the lungs
Explain the function of the thyroid and the pancreas
Thyroid: regulates metabolism
Pancreas: produces insulin and digestive enzymes
What part of the brain is responsible for vital body functions (breathing, heartbeat)
What part of the brain is responsible for speech, emotions, voluntary muscle movements
What part of the brain is responsible for coordination
What are the purposes of the kidneys and bladder?
Kidneys: filter out waste and excess water
Bladder: collects and holds urine
Why is good circulation important?
Brings oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and removes waste
The sensory organs are part of what system?
Nervous
What 2 ways can the body develop immunity to a disease
Have the disease and develop antibodies
Receive a vaccine and develop antibodies
List the organization of life from smallest unit to largest
cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Name 3 things that can help prevent constipation
DAILY DOUBLE
What are 2 changes that happen (normal) to the male reproductive system as a man ages
What do endocrine glands secrete?
hormones
What is the difference between how voluntary and involuntary muscles are controlled?
Voluntary: consciously
Involuntary: unconsciously
What should a NA do if a resident exhibits a sign that she has not seen before?
Describe the digestion that takes place in the different organs of the digestive tract.
Mouth: mechanical, food broken down
Stomach: mechanical and chemical: food churned chemically changed
Small Intestine: chemical, absorption of nutrients
Large Intestine: absorption of water
The loss of this hormone in women after menopause contributes to a decrease in calcium.
Estrogen
Name 3 ways a NA can support the integumentary system of the elderly.
less-frequent bathing; being gentle with skin; shampooing hair less often; gently brushing hair; layering clothing and bed covers for warmth; keeping bed linens wrinkle-free; encouraging fluid intake; and not trimming residents’ toenails
Name two normal changes to the immune/lymphatic system as one ages
•Weakened immune system
•Slow recovery rate
•Decrease in bone marrow activity and number of lymph nodes
•Decreased response to vaccines
Name 2 normal age-related changes to the urinary system
The ability of kidneys to filter blood decreases
Bladder muscles tone weakens.
The bladder holds less urine
The bladder may not empty completely
Explain the difference in how blood and lymph are circulated
Blood: pumping action of heart
Lymph: has no pump, but is circulated by muscle activity, massage, and breathing
Name 3 things (from the book) that NA can do to help support the respiratory system of older adults
•Helping residents avoid cigarette smoke and polluted air
•Encouraging more rest periods
•Encouraging moderate exercise
•Assisting with deep breathing exercises as ordered
•Helping residents who have trouble breathing to sit upright, rather than lying down
Name 3 normal changes to the musculoskeletal system as someone ages
•Muscles weaken and lose tone.
•Body movement slows.
•Bones lose density and become more brittle.
•Joints can stiffen/become painful.
•Height is gradually lost.
Explain the difference between nonspecific and specific immunity.
Nonspecific: the body's ability to protect itself from disease in general using anatomical and physiological barriers and inflammatory responses
Specific: body protects itself vs. a certain disease using antibodies
Explain blood flow through the circulatory system (starting at the right atrium)
Blood from body received in rt atrium, flows to right ventricle, pumped to lungs to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen, to left atrium, flows to left ventricle, pumped to body