Murmur and valvular Abnormalities
Which murmur is associated with a continuous machine-like sound?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
This percentage value indicates how much blood the heart pumps out with each beat
Ejection Fraction
This post-operative complication results from blood accumulation in the pericardial sac, compressing the heart and impairing cardiac filling
Cardiac tamponade
This heart rhythm sounds like a jazz solo — irregularly irregular, with no P waves in sight.
Atrial fibrillation
This pathophysiological difference distinguishes NSTEMI from unstable angina
Presence of myocardial necrosis (elevated troponins)
A decrease in which cardiac parameter would increase the intensity of the murmur of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Decreased preload/venous return
This parameter is most sensitive for diagnosing heart failure
B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal pro-BNP
During cardiopulmonary bypass, this great vessel is commonly cannulated to deliver oxygenated blood back to the systemic circulation.
Aorta
If this electrolyte is off, your heart might start "Torsading" its way into trouble.
Mg2+ / K+
ST elevation in leads II, III, and aVF on an ECG points to an infarction in this region of the heart
Inferior wall infarction
In carcinoid heart disease, which valvular lesion typically occurs first due to serotonin-induced fibrosis?
Tricuspid Regurgitation
This gene, encoding a sarcomeric protein, is most commonly mutated in familial dilated cardiomyopathy.
Titin (TTN)
What is the primary reason for administering cold cardioplegia during open-heart surgery?
A) To reduce infection risk
B) To increase myocardial oxygen demand
C) To preserve the heart muscle
D) To improve visibility
C) To preserve the heart muscle
Known as the "party crasher" arrhythmia, this one often shows up after too many energy drinks or stress, and can present with a rate of over 150 bpm and a narrow QRS.
Supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
In infarctions involving this location in the heart, volume resuscitation is preferred over fluid restriction
Right ventricle
A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus presents with a holosystolic murmur at the apex. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Mitral regurgitation – Libman–Sacks endocarditis
In HFrEF, this mechanism explains functional mitral regurgitation due to LV dilation.
Leaflet displacement / annular dilation
To prevent spinal cord ischemia during Type A aortic dissection repair, this critical artery—also known as the greater anterior segmental medullary artery—must be preserved
Artery of Adamkiewicz
This arrhythmia, named after a famous radio term, In ECGs, it gives you a delta wave.
Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome
This life-threatening condition is the one major reason to withhold aspirin administration in a suspected ACS case
Aortic dissection
A 20-year-old tall, thin male presents with occasional palpitations and mild exertional dyspnea. He has no chest pain or syncope. Cardiac auscultation reveals—---
(audio will be played)
Mitral Valve prolapse
This class of drug improves survival in HFrEF but should not be started during acute decompensation.
Beta-blockers
In Tetralogy of Fallot, which surgical repair is typically done first?
A) Aortic valve replacement
B) Right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction
C) Blalock-Taussig (aortopulmonary) shunt
D) Left atrial appendage resection
C) Blalock-Taussig shunt
This eerie rhythm can trick even experienced clinicians — the monitor shows organized electrical activity, but the heart isn't actually doing any useful pumping.
Pulseless electrical activity
Name one condition considered a coronary artery disease risk equivalent.
Diabetes mellitus (or chronic kidney disease, or noncoronary atherosclerotic disease)