HIPPOCRATIC OATH
The Hippocratic Oath is traditionally associated with this ancient Greek physician.
Who is Hippocrates?
This principle means respecting a patient's right to make decisions about their own healthcare.
What is autonomy?
HeLa cells came from this woman.
Who is Henrietta Lacks?
The Tuskegee study involved observing men who had this disease.
What is syphilis?
In the medical term bradycardia, the prefix brady- means this.
What is slow?
One major idea of the Hippocratic tradition is that physicians should avoid causing this to patients.
What is harm?
This principle means acting in ways intended to benefit the patient.
What is beneficence?
Henrietta Lacks was being treated for this type of disease when her cells were collected.
What is cervical cancer?
The participants in the Tuskegee study were primarily members of this racial group.
Who were African American/Black men?
In the word cardiology, the root cardi refers to this organ.
What is the heart?
According to medical ethics reflected in the oath, information learned about a patient should generally be kept this way.
What is confidential/private?
The ethical principle meaning that healthcare workers should avoid unnecessarily harming patients.
What is non-maleficence?
HeLa cells became especially valuable to researchers because, unlike most human cells studied at the time, they could do this continuously in laboratory conditions.
What is divide/reproduce continuously?
Participants were misled about the purpose of the research, meaning they could not properly provide this ethical requirement.
What is informed consent?
In the term gastritis, the suffix -itis means this.
What is inflammation?
A physician refusing to exploit a patient for personal or sexual benefit demonstrates this important professional responsibility.
What is maintaining professional boundaries?
A hospital tries to distribute a limited number of donor organs fairly among eligible patients. This principle is being applied.
What is justice?
The collection and use of Henrietta Lacks' cells raised ethical concerns because she was not asked for this before her cells were used in research.
What is informed consent?
By the 1940s, this antibiotic had become an effective standard treatment for syphilis, yet treatment was withheld from participants.
What is penicillin?
Break the term tachycardia into its prefix and root, and give the meaning of the entire term.
tachy- = fast/rapid
cardi = heart
-ia = condition
Tachycardia = an abnormally rapid heart rate.
Modern versions of the Hippocratic Oath differ from the ancient version because medicine has changed. Name two ethical ideas that remain important today.
Any of the following acceptable:
Protect patient confidentiality
Avoid unnecessary harm
Treat patients with respect
Act for the patient's benefit
Maintain professional integrity
Respect the medical profession
Recognize the limits of one's knowledge
A competent patient refuses a blood transfusion even though the physician believes it could save the patient's life. Name the two ethical principles most clearly in conflict.
What are autonomy and beneficence?
Henrietta Lacks' cells contributed enormously to medical research, yet the history of HeLa cells also raises concerns about consent, privacy, and this question about who benefits from scientific discoveries.
What is fairness/justice?
Name two of the four principles of medical ethics that were clearly violated during the Tuskegee study and explain why.
Any of the following or related accepted:
Autonomy: participants were deceived and did not have adequate informed consent.
Beneficence: researchers failed to act in the participants' best interests.
Non-maleficence — participants were exposed to preventable harm.
Justice — a vulnerable population bore an unfair burden of research.
Decode this medical term using its word parts:
nephrectomy
nephr/o = kidney
-ectomy = surgical removal
What is surgical removal of a kidney?