Famous Patients
This patient suffered severe anterograde amnesia after a bilateral medial temporal lobe resection to treat epilepsy.
Patient HM
"Neurons that fire together, wire together" is the simple summary of this rule.
Hebb's Rule
This is the distinction between memory for personal events and memory for facts.
Episodic vs. semantic memory.
Procedural memory for skills and habits relies on this brain structure, not the hippocampus.
Striatum
According to the memory taxonomy, this structure is critical for learning emotional responses.
Amygdala
This patient lost his ability to recall any personal episodic memories but retained his semantic knowledge.
Patient KC
This model classifies recognition memory responses as Hits, Misses, False Alarms, or Correct Rejections.
Signal detection theory.
In a free recall task, this is the term for the superior recall of items from the end of the list.
Recency effect
This is the process of associating an involuntary response, like salivating, with a previously neutral stimulus, like a bell.
Classical Conditioning
A patient with a lesion here might show fear conditioning but be unable to declaratively state what they are afraid of.
Hippocampus
Patient H.M. proved he could still form nondeclarative memories by improving his performance on this motor skill task.
Mirror Drawing Task
This "standard model" proposes that memories become independent of the hippocampus and are stored in the neocortex over time.
The sense of familiarity for an individual or object when you see it out of its original context is sometimes referred to as...
the "butcher on the bus" phenomenon
This task demonstrates implicit motor learning, as people get faster at repeated sequences without conscious awareness.
Serial Reaction Time Task (SRTT)
Taxi drivers who successfully acquired the map of this complex city showed an increase in hippocampal volume.
City of London
This patient with bilateral amygdala calcification has a selective deficit in recognizing fearful facial expressions.
Patient SM
This model splits recognition into two components: Familiarity (quantitative, fast) and Recollection (qualitative, slow)
dual process model
This is the tendency for people to have an increased number of autobiographical memories from their adolescence and early adulthood.
The Reminiscence Bump
Motor sequence learning is notably impaired in this disease, which affects dopaminergic circuits in the basal ganglia.
Parkinson's Disease
While the amygdala handles external fear cues, this brain region is linked to interoceptive (internal) events and the subjective experience of fear.
Insula
In the Bechara et al. (1995) study, this patient group had no fear conditioning (skin conductance) but normal declarative recollection.
Amygdala lesion group.
Karl Lashley's theory that the proportion of brain damage, not its specific location, determines the degree of memory impairment.
Law of Mass Action
fMRI studies show that activation in this brain region, part of the anterior temporal network, varies as a function of familiarity strength.
Perirhinal cortex
This feedback signal—encoded by dopaminergic neurons—represents the difference between an expected and actual reinforcement outcome.
Reward Prediction Error
These are cells in the hippocampus that fire to an animal's specific location and cells in the entorhinal cortex that fire in a hexagonal pattern.
Grid cells
Patient S.M. experiences fear and panic when subjected to this interoceptive (internal) threat, but not from exteroceptive (external) threats like scary movies.
Inhaling 35% CO2
This MTL model proposes a "Posterior Medial" network for context, and an "Anterior Temporal" network for salient items
the PMAT framework
According to the PMAT model, this brain region is responsible for binding "Items in Context."
This is the process where a conditioned response is reduced by repeatedly presenting the conditioned stimulus (CS) without the unconditioned stimulus (US).
Extinction learning
During motor sequence learning, fMRI shows activation shifts from the ____ to the ____ part of the Putamen.
Dorsal (associative); Ventral (sensorimotor)