Individual
As one of our human defining features, this mechanism reflects our ability to make conscious inferences about our own cognitive processes (and is often assessed using second-order tasks)
Explicit metacognition
Galton’s famous 'Vox Populi' was based on a prize competition at fairs about the weight of this animal
An ox
Cultural transmission chain tasks are analogous to this common children’s “game”
Chinese whispers (telephone)
A paradigm that, for instance, could use these kinds of stimuli for training form-meaning mappings (e.g. in order to study 'The Invisible Hand')
(Illustration 2)
Iterated learning paradigm (model)
This refers to a grounding process between interacting individuals that tends to need (and emerge from) motivated signs, before evolving into a symbolic systems (such as language)
Bootstrapping
Bonus: What are 'motivated signs'?
In lecture 2, we discussed the parallels between mentalizing (ToM) and this ability
Reading (print reading)
This is the amount (how many?) of interaction types proposed in Gallotti's taxonomy, critiquing the focus on shared goals and reciprocity
5 types of interactions
This is referred to as a level or type of 'culture', which is e.g. defined as cultural traits that would be impossible to obtain in an individual’s own lifetime
Cumulative culture
These were the two key factors that could be manipulated by participants in the experimental task using 'the wheel' in Derex et al. (2019)
(Moment of) Intertia
(Position of its) Centre of mass
The illustration is an example of what particular kind of (semiotic) sign
[illustration 1]
Index
From a Quiz: Some cultures regard these as "guided by supernatural sources" rather than natural sources
Mental states
This term refers to when there is mutual exchange of uncertainties and introspection (metacognition) between two or more individuals - which can enhance group performance
Shared explicit metacognition (SEM)
This language is Karsten's all time favourite example of an emergent communication system
Nigaraguan Sign Language
(from simple home-sign systems)
The Christensen et al (2016) study used "object manipulation events" and "object construction events" to study which factors on communication?
Environmental factors
(external factors)
Words that are describes as: A vivid representation of an idea in sound. A word, often onomatopoeic, which describes a predicate, qualificative or adverb in respect to manner, colour, sound, smell, action, state or intensity. - C. M. Doke, 1935
- marked words which soun- symbolically convey sensory events
Ideophones
(sound-symbolic/synesthetic expressions)
As part of our implicit social cognition, we are able to detect this from simple point-light displays that are moving in particular ways
Biological motion
This is what tends to happen (unknowingly) when individuals in groups acquire similar information about the world (e.g. same sources via social media) and become too correlated
Filter bubbles and echo chambers
A classic counter-intuitive result, concerning the equilibrium of fitness and selection for social versus asocial learning (in a simulated changing environment)
Rogers' paradox
These are the three main experimental designs in Experimental Semiotics
Referential semiotics games
Coordination semiotic games
Referential linguistic games
What kind of communication device was used to produce these kinds of signs?
(Illustration 3)
Digitizing pad - with only horizontal motion
These things in our brain have been proposed to explain 'action understanding', empathy, and imitation - although so far they have only been shown to simply reflect and resonate others' motor behaviour in ourselves (facilitating associative learning)
Mirror neurons
(Mirror neuron system)
This is the approximate amount of people who took part in the ‘Wisdom of large crowds’ experiment at a TedX event in Argentina
(Everyone takes a guess)
5180 people - Who got closest?
(1,400 players; 280 complete groups)
These are the 3 main ingredients for a Transmission Chain study on cultural cognition
1. Transmission chain task
2. Measure of fitness rate
3. Social learning conditions
Frederic Bartlett (1932) asked his participants to read the famous folklore from the story 'The war of the ghosts' in order to study this part of our cognition
Memory
(The reconstructive nature of human memory - and systematic distortions)
Who introduced the Triadic sign and it's three types of relations?
C S Peirce