PIAGET
What is Piaget's theory mainly concerned with?
Cognitive development
According to Willingham, is the human brain naturally designed to think effectively?
No
What are the two mindsets proposed by Dweck?
Fixed and Growth Mindset
What did Kohlberg's theory explain?
The development of moral reasoning
Who proposed the Multi-Store Model of memory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
What is the first stage of Piaget's theory?
Sensorimotor stage
What does Willingham argue is important for developing thinking skills?
Knowledge
Someone who believes intelligence cannot really be changed has which mindset?
Fixed Mindset
How many levels are in Kohlberg's theory?
3
What are the three stores in the model?
Sensory register, short-term memory and long-term memory
Which stage occurs from approximately 7–11 years?
Concrete operational
Why is background knowledge important?
It helps us understand and process new information
Someone with a growth mindset believes intelligence can be developed through what?
Effort, learning and perseverance
Name the three levels of Kohlberg's theory.
Pre-conventional, Conventional, Post-conventional
Which memory store has a very limited duration and capacity?
Short-term memory
Which stage involves the development of abstract thinking?
Formal Operational
According to Willingham, can general critical-thinking skills easily be transferred from one subject to another?
No; they are often dependent on subject-specific knowledge
A student says, "I'm just bad at maths, so there's no point trying." What mindset does this suggest?
Fixed Mindset
At which level is morality based mainly on avoiding punishment and gaining rewards?
Pre-conventional
What process transfers information from short-term memory to long-term memory?
Rehearsal
A child believes that a tall, thin glass contains more water than a short, wide glass, even though they contain the same amount. What concept does this demonstrate?
Lack of Conservation
A student learns a reasoning strategy in History but cannot automatically apply it to Biology. How could Willingham explain this?
Thinking skills are often tied to the knowledge and context in which they were learned
Explain one way a growth mindset could affect a student's response to failure.
They are more likely to see failure as an opportunity to learn and continue trying
At which level does a person follow moral principles that may go beyond laws and rules?
Post-conventional
What is the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory in terms of duration?
STM is temporary, while LTM can store information for a very long time