Motor Development
Refers to the development of one’s body and its parts, as in crawling, walking, reaching, and grasping.
What is Motor Development?
The neuromotor system is laid down before it is voluntarily utilized.
What is Motor Priority?
Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational are part of this theory.
What is Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development?
Successfully completing each stage leads to a healthy personality and virtues or character strengths that can be used to resolve future challenges.
What is Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development?
This theory states that a maturing nervous system interacts with biomechanical, psychological, and social environment factors.
What is Dynamic Systems Theory (Thelen)?
Peak athletic performance usually occurs between these ages.
What is 25 and 35?
Both gross and fine motor skills depend on the maturation of this system.
What is the nervous system?
Development proceeds in head-to-foot and proximal-to-distal directions.
What is Developmental Direction?
The stage where infants learn through movement and the senses.
What is the Sensorimotor Stage?
The stage focused on trust vs. mistrust occurs during this period of life.
What is infancy?
The concept that multiple forces converge to create behavior.
What is Multicausality? (DST)
Physical performance begins a steeper decline after this age range.
What is 50–60 years?
This directional principle of development references the top and the bottom of the body.
What is Cephalo-Caudal?
Opposing movements such as extension and flexion show a temporary dominance over one another until they become integrated into mature motor patterns.
What is Reciprocal Interweaving?
The stage where adolescents develop the ability to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems.
What is the Formal Operational Stage?
The stage focused on intimacy vs. isolation occurs during this period.
What is young adulthood?
According to Systems Theory (Shumway-Cook & Woollacott), these three factors interact in the development of efficient locomotion.
What are progression, stability, and adaptation?
Physiological “age” based on adaptations that occur within the body is called this type of age.
What is biological age?
Development usually occurs from _______ to _______ (direction) and from _______ to _______ (size).
What is proximal to distal and gross to fine?
Periods of stability and instability culminate into more stable responses as maturity proceeds.
What is Self-Regulation?
The stage where children can think logically about concrete events but struggle with abstract ideas.
What is the Concrete Operational Stage?
The stage focused on generativity vs. stagnation occurs during this period.
What is middle adulthood?
According to Self-Determination Theory, people have three basic psychological needs that influence motivation: the need to feel ________, ________, and ________.
What are competent, autonomous, and related?
Encouraged toward “safe,” lower-intensity activities like walking or water aerobics describes this concept.
What is age grading?
Development can be limited by these three types of constraints.
What are environmental, individual, and task constraints?
The human action system has strong growth potential toward normal development if environmental and cultural conditions are favorable.
What is Optimal Realization?
The stage where children begin to use symbols and language but still lack logical reasoning.
What is the Preoperational Stage?
The stage focused on identity vs. role confusion occurs during this period.
What is adolescence?
According to Dynamic Systems Theory, behavior represents this, allowing the body to organize complex movements through interaction of multiple systems.
What is a compression of the degrees of freedom?
These gait changes in older adults—such as decreased velocity, increased double-support time, and reduced joint rotation—are primarily caused by this combination of impairments.
What are muscular weakness and sensory impairments (visual, somatosensory, vestibular)?