Cognitive Processing Memory Models
The model suggests that sensory information from the world enters sensory memory, which is modality specific - that is, related to different senses, such as hearing and vision. The most important stores in the model are the visual store (iconic memory) and the auditory store(echoic memory). Information in the sensory store stays here for a few seconds and only a very small amount of the information will continue into the short-term memory (STM) store.
Multi-Store Model of Memory
This Model of human cognition postulates that decision-making can be described as a function of both an intuitive, experiential, affective system (System I) and/or an analytical, rational system (System II).
The Dual-process model
rules-of-thumb that can be applied to guide decision-making based on a more limited subset of the available information. Because they rely on less information, ______________ facilitate faster decision-making than strategies that require more information.
Heuristics
a theory of memory recall, in which the act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, past experience, imagination, and beliefs.
Reconstructive Memory
Which research method was used in both Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) and Landry and Bartling (2011)?
A true experiment.
The ____________ proposes that the “central executive” allocates data to sub-systems based on modality – either auditory or visual sensory information. Auditory information goes to the phonological loop for processing and visual and spatial information is processed in the visuospatial sketchpad.
Working Memory Model
going with one's first instinct and reaching decisions quickly based on automatic cognitive processes
Intuitive thinking
a cognitive bias where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information offered to make subsequent judgments during decision making.
Anchoring Bias
___________ memory includes contextual information about experienced events, including how things looked, sounded, and smelled, as well as the emotions that were experienced. ___________ memory are reconstructed.
Episodic memory
______________ carried out a case study on patient HM that supported the assumption that STM and LTM are in different stores in the brain.
Milner
Mental representations that are derived from prior experience and knowledge. ___________ help us to predict what to expect based on what has happened before. They are used to organize our knowledge, to assist recall, to guide our behaviour, and to help us to make sense of current experiences.
Schemas
the ability to consider the relevant variables of a situation and to access, organize, and analyze relevant information (e.g., facts, opinions, judgments, and data) to arrive at a sound conclusion.
Rationale Thinking
systematic error in thinking that occurs when we are processing and interpreting information in the world around us that affects the decisions we make.
Cognitive bias
____________ is when we leave out details when recalling a memory; this may be because the details were schema incongruent, they were not seen as important, or they were not understood.
Leveling
According to Glanzer and Cunitz's (1966) study, why was some information recalled more than others?
Primacy effect - it had been store LTM as a result of rehearsal
When we restructure or modify our existing schema so that new information can fit in better. For example, as technology changes over time, our schema about technology works changes as well. There is no reason to maintain schema of how my computer worked 30 years ago.
Accomodation
The theory that we tend to minimize the amount of effort to think.
Cognitive Misers
used when we make a decision based on "what comes to mind." When asked: are there more English words with K in the first position or with K in the third position? - people will often say "in the first position" because these words come more easily to mind. It is actually the third position.
Availability Heuristic
the tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event.
Misinformation effect
Which design was used in Brewer and Treyen's (1981) office study?
Independent Samples Design
a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which surprising and consequential news was learned about.
Flashbulb Memory
A loss of self-control or willpower when mental resources are used up.
Ego depletion
According to Prospect theory, what is a key factor in how we make decisions?
Loss aversion. We want to minimize the chance of risk.
I made a poor choice last week. I bought a new insurance plan, but I didn't read it very carefully. I was really stressed out by a lot of things at work and it is clear that it was not a good time to make a decision. Which factor most likely played a role in this poor decision?
Cognitive Load was too high
Landry and Bartling (2011) carried out a study of the WMM to see if ____________________ would influence recall of a written list of phonologically dissimilar letters in serial recall.
articulatory suppression