memory models
who suggested the multi store memory model
atkinson and shiffrin
define heuristics
mental short-cuts that involve focusing on one aspect of a complex problem and ignoring others
what are schemas
mental representations that are derived from prior experience and knowledge
what type of design was neisser and harsh
prospective
what are the essential understandings
memory is a reconstructive, emotion may affect cognitive processes, humans are cognitive misers and biases affect our ability to make rational decisions
state and briefly explain the types of memory
Declarative memory- the memory of facts and events and , can be consciously recalled.
Episodic memory- memory of specific events linked to time and place
Semantic memory- general knowledge of facts and people, concepts and schemas, not linked to time and place.
Procedural memory- unconscious memory of skills and how to do things
distinguish between system 1 and system 2 thinking
System 1 is an automatic, intuitive, effortless thinking, often employs heuristics.
System 2 is a slower, conscious, rational mode of thinking, requires more effort.
what was the aim in bartlett's study
to investigate how the memory of a story is affected by previous knowledge. he wanted to see if cultural background and unfamiliarity with a text would lead to distortion of memory when the story was recalled
what is prospective research
a study that attempts to find a correlation between two variables by collecting data early in the life of participants
what is misinformation effect
post-event information interferes with the memory of the original event, disrupting its accuracy
what does the working memory model suggest
suggests that STM is not a single store but consists of multiple different stores.
state the strengths and limitations of the dual process model
strengths- there is biological evidence that different types of thinking may be processed in different parts of the brain, reliable
limitations- overly reductionist, definitions of System 1 and System 2 are not always clear
what was the key ethical consideration in brewer and treyens
deception
comparing two or more groups on a particular variable at a specific time is known as
cross-sectional design
what was the aim of loftus and palmer
to investigate whether the use of leading questions would affect an eyewitness's estimation of speed
what are the components of the working memory model
central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuospatial sketchpad, ltm
when an individual relies too heavily on an initial piece of information offered while making decisions is known as:
anchoring bias
state and explain the three main stages in which memory processes are divided into
Encoding: transforming sensory information into memory
Storage: creating a biological trace of the encoded information in memory
Retrieval: using the stored information in thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making
what is retrospective research
a study of an individual after an important change or development.
what is flashbulb memory
highly detailed and vivid "snapshot" of the moment when a surprising and emotionally arousing event happened
what are the strengths and limitations of the multi-store model
Strengths of the MSM- significant research to support the theory, historical importance
Limitations of the MSM- over-simplified, does not explain memory distortion, does not explain why there i no need of rehearsal sometimes, on the other hand when we rehearse a lot it is not transferred to LTM
what is the peak-end rule
when people judge an experience based on how they felt at its peak and at its end, rather than based on the total sum or average of every moment of the experience.
evaluate schema theory using teacup
t- yes, as seen in studies
e- there is biological research to support the process
a- it has been applied to see how memory works in many different aspects and fields of psychology
c- to vague, can not be observed
u- no apparent bias
p- yes, helps predict behaviour, however, it cannot be predicted what exactly an individual may recall
which research method was used in the study of glanzer and cunitz
a true experiment
what is cognitive bias
a systematic error in thinking that impacts one's choices and judgments.