Research Method
What research method was used by Glanzer & Cunitz?
A true/lab experiment
According to the Working Memory Model, what are the two principal stores for short-term memory?
The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad
A cognitive bias where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information offered when making decisions. What is it?
Anchoring bias
Explain one way you can apply what you learned from the cognitive approach to your own studying.
Many answers
What are the two types of hypotheses?
Null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis
What are the 3 conditions in Bransford & Johnson (laundry schema)?
Topic before
Topic after
Control (no topic)
According to the Mutistore Model, how do we transfer information from STM to LTM?
By rehearsal
or
Rehearsal loop
What is a heuristic?
Explain one limitation of the Multi-store Model.
The model is oversimplified.
The model cannot explain memory distortion.
The model does not explain why some things may be learned with a minimal amount of rehearsal.
What type of citation do we use for Psychology?
APA
What is a common limitation when using lab experiments to study cognition?
Low ecological validity or mundane realism.
What is one thing that schema theory can explain that the Multistore Model cannot?
Memory distortion (false memory)
Describe the difference between System 1 and System 2 thinking
System 1: fast, automatic, intuitive
System 2: slow, effortful, rational
Explain the effect that culture has on flashbulb memories.
Individualistic cultures are more likely to have flashbulb memory.
What must we do to the null hypothesis when we reject the alternative hypothesis?
McGaugh & Cahill study had a high control over extraneous variables.
What type of validity is this?
Internal validity
Describe the procedure of one study that supports the theory that STM and LTM are located in different memory stores?
HM
or
Glanzer & Cunitz
How does Englich & Mussweiler demonstrate rational thinking?
What does it mean that humans are cognitive misers?
Because we often make the choice not to actively process information because we want to save time and effort.
What does p<0.05 mean for the results of a research study?
It means there is a less than 5% chance the results happen by chance.
It also means that the difference between conditions are significant.
Much of the research on Flashbulb memory is done on Western samples. What type of validity is lacking?
Cross-cultural validity
or
Population validity
What phenomenon does the Working Memory Model explain which neither schema theory not MSM can?
Multi-tasking
Which study demonstrated that schema could affect people's thinking and decision making?
Loftus & Palmer
What did the use of irrational age (9 and 140) in Strack & Mussweiler imply about our thinking?
That even when we are aware that the anchoring number is ridiculous, we still rely on it to make decision.
What type of inferential test would you use for a study with independent design with 2 conditions?
Mann-Whitney