By Definition
This fallacy occurs when we believe future probabilities are affected by past events when in reality, they cannot be altered.
What is Gambler's Fallacy:
Example- "Greg is betting big on the Pups because they've lost 10 times in a row, so this losing streak is bound to end."
Andy decided to register for a course taught by a professor with mixed reviews over the same course taught by a new professor with no reviews.
What is Ambiguity Effect
Definition: We favor the known over the unknown.
Julia Galef refers to this this phenomenon in which our unconscious motivations, our desires and fears, shape the way we interpret information.
What is soldier mindset (motivated reasoning)
This fallacy occurs when we see people as more attractive in group than in isolation
What is Cheerleader Effect:
Example- "On her first date, Alex realizes that Blake looks different from his soccer team profile picture."
I am late due to traffic, unlike Emily, who is late due to laziness.
What is Fundamental Attribution Error
Definition: We attribute others' actions to their personality or character, but we attribute our own actions to our situation (outside of our control).
Derek Muller refers to this in the following clip:
What is Cognitive Ease
This fallacy occurs when we tend to overestimate how many people agree with our attitudes, beliefs, and behavior.
What is False Consensus Effect
Example- "Andy is certain that everyone loved the show, too".
Mia must be well-spoken and nice because she looks so beautiful and elegant.
What is Halo Effect
Definition- Our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character.
Satire and parody: presenting humorous but false stories as if they are true. Although not usually categorized as fake news, this may unintentionally fool readers. These are forms of...
What is misinformation
Definition: false information that is shared either with or without the intention to deceive others.
This fallacy occurs when we increasingly believe in something due to repeated public exposure, and then we help to spread it further.
What is Availability Cascade
Example- "Urban legends such as razor blades in Halloween candies led to endless media coverage and public panic"
Clara likes to hire younger men because she thinks they are more technologically savvy.
What is Unconscious Bias (will also accept stereotyping)
Definition: We unconsciously attribute prejudices or unsupported beliefs in favor (or against) another person or group of people
This is the third rule of misinformation
What is 'wrap it around a kernel of truth'
Rule No. 3, wrap that lie around a kernel of truth. “Propaganda is most effective when there’s a little bit of truth in it.” “The most successful operations of that kind contain some truthful element so that the disinformation is eventually accepted as a whole.”
This fallacy occurs when others' high (or low) expectations of a person's performance influences that person's actual performance.
What is Pygmalion Effect (Rosenthal Effect)
Example- "You are brave and courageous. Channeling her mom's words, Khloe won the competition."
What is Defensive Attribution
Definition: When we witness a negative event, we tend to assign a controllable cause to it so we can feel less vulnerable.
This is based on fact but taken out of context to mislead, harm, or manipulate
What is Malinformation
(misinformation is done without intent while both disinformation and malinformation are done with intent but malinformation is when this is done based on a 'kernel' of truth)