Piagetian Theory
This stage occurs from birth to age 2 and involves learning through senses and motor actions.
What is the Sensorimotor Stage?
Neo-Piagetians focus on this mental system that includes working memory and attention.
What is information processing?
Vygotsky believed learning is shaped by these two key influences.
What are social and cultural interactions?
Visual maps and previews given before a lesson to help organize new content.
What are advance organizers?
Memories fade over time without reinforcement in this type of forgetting.
What is decay?
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are not seen.
What is object permanence?
These core knowledge structures help children think about domains like numbers and space.
What are central conceptual structures?
The gap between what a student can do alone and what they can do with help is called this.
What is the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)?
This process involves breaking information into smaller, manageable parts.
What is chunking?
When old information interferes with new learning, it’s called this type of interference.
What is proactive interference?
Children in this stage, ages 2–7, show egocentrism and struggle with conservation tasks.
What is the Preoperational Stage?
The speed and efficiency of mental resources in Neo-Piagetian theory is called this.
What is processing capacity?
Temporary support provided by a teacher or peer to help a learner master a skill.
What is scaffolding?
Teaching students to plan, monitor, and reflect on their own thinking.
What are metacognitive strategies?
The tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs.
What is confirmation bias?
At this stage, logical thinking emerges but is tied to hands-on experiences.
What is the Concrete Operational Stage?
True or False: All children progress through domains at the same rate.
What is False?
Children’s self-talk that guides thinking and later becomes internal thought.
What is private speech?
This technique strengthens recall by having students retrieve information repeatedly over time.
What is spaced repetition?
This bias happens when someone over-relies on the first piece of information given.
What is anchoring bias?
This final stage involves abstract, hypothetical reasoning and begins around age 11.
What is the Formal Operational Stage?
In the classroom, teachers can support students by matching tasks to these two factors.
What are developmental level and cognitive load?
This classroom strategy emphasizes learning through peer collaboration and dialogue.
What is collaborative learning?
Using both verbal and visual methods to reinforce learning is known as this.
What is dual coding?
Name two strategies to reduce forgetting or interference.
What are retrieval cues, spaced practice, or real-world application?