Chapter 7
What is the self reference effect?
A person's ability to remember something better if it is connected to themselves.
What is encoding specificity?
This is when a person is able to remember more if they are in the same place as when they studied the information.
What is forced confabulation?
This is when an individual is forced to insert their own information into an idea, causing the memory to change based on the information they generate.
What is a script?
A type of schema that captures the order in which events occur.
What is psycholinguistics?
the psychology of language, the study of the relationship between linguistics and psychology.
What is the production effect?
Reciting things out loud helps us remember things better than if they were only studied silently.
What is the role of sleep in consolidation?
During sleep, memories are reactivated and reprocessed in the brain, and are sent to long term memory.
Why do we have better memory for emotional events?
The amygdala is right next to the hippocampus, which promotes communication. The hormone cortisol also effects memory for emotional events.
What is the misinformation effect?
The misinformation effect is when we incorrectly claim to remember information that was not part of the original event, often after seeing or hearing that incorrect info earlier.
What is the word frequency effect?
The concept that words that are seen more often create faster recognition times.
What is the difference between free recall and cued recall?
Free recall is when a person is not given any limits as to what they should say when testing memory.
Cued recall is when a person is given hints as to what they should say when testing memory.
What is distributed practice?
Information is remembered better by dedicating small amounts of time to the information, over time, rather than all at once.
What is a flashbulb memory?
A very vivid memory of an event, usually a very dramatic or drastic event
What are the three aspects of language?
Language is shared, symbolic, and used to communicate.
What is speech segmentation?
Identifying when to pause when speaking, understanding that words do not all lump together when speaking and breaks are necessary.
What is metamemory?
Metamemory is the awareness of our own memory capabilities and processes of our memory.
An idea can be memorized better if there is an action performed to directly go along with the idea.
What is a schema?
A mental framework that helps us understand the information around us.
What is an indirect request?
An action performed to indirectly ask for a needed response.
What is the difference between infer and imply?
Infer: coming to a conclusion based on the indirect inference.
What is the tip of the tongue phenomenon?
This is when a person cannot fully recall an idea but has other meaningful information regarding the idea.
What is the generation effect?
An individual can remember something better if it is generated in their own mind rather than read from somewhere else.
What is a leading question and how does it affect memory?
A leading question is asked to encourage a specific answer to be said. This affects memory because if a person gives a forced answer, they will most likely recall the forced answer rather than the real answer later.
What is polysemy?
There are multiple meanings for the same word.
What is the theory of mind?
This is a social cognitive skill, used when thinking about our own mental states, as well as the mental states of others.