Problem Solving & Creativity 1
Sudden realization of a problem's solution
What is insight?
A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem
What is a mental set?
The concept in which decisions are influenced by how a choice is stated
What is framing/the framing effect?
What is losing?
Mental shortcuts, or rules of thumb
What are heuristics?
In the Information-Processing Approach, these are rules that specify what is allowed
What are operators?
A process of thinking where individuals tend to think of a large number of potential solutions
What is Divergent thinking?
A “top-down” process of reasoning from one or more propositions to reach a logical conclusion
What is Deductive reasoning?
Seeking evidence to support/confirm our hypotheses
What is confirmation bias?
Reasoning based on observation where you reach conclusions from evidence
The candlestick problem and two-string problem are examples
What is Functional Fixedness?
Expert focus on these types of features when attempting to solve a problem
What are structural features?
Stereotypes are oversimplified generations often occurring as the result of
What is an illusory correlation?
Events more easily remembered are judged as being more probable than those less easily remembered
What is the availability heuristic?
The probability that A is a member of class B is determined by how well properties of A resemble properties normally associated with B
What is the representativeness heuristic?
Utilizing subgoals to break up the difference between the original problem state and the eventual outcome state
What is a means-end analysis?
The term used for transferring one problem's solution to another
What is Analogical transfer?
The theory assuming that any decision made is the one that provides the highest utility (satisfaction) to the decision maker.
What is Utility Theory?
The error in thinking associated with assuming Linda is more likely to be a bank teller and a feminist, rather than just a bank teller since she's very outspoken
The approach where we: 1) Create a model of a situation, 2) Generate tentative conclusions about model, then 3) Look for exceptions to falsify the model
What is the Mental Model Approach?
The 3 steps of Newell and Simon's (1972) Problem Space Theory
What are the 1) Initial state, 2) Intermediate state(s), and 3) Goal state?
The 4 steps of creative problem solving
What are 1) Problem Generation, 2) Problem Formation, 3) Problem solving, 4) Solution implementation?
If A is true, then B is true (If A then B).
What is a conditional syllogism?
All A are B, and C is A, therefore Every C is in B.
What is a categorical syllogism?
Either A or B is true. If A is true, then B is false (A or B).
What is a disjunctive syllogism?