Foundations & Judgment
Cognitive psychologist who won the Nobel Prize in economics for his work on judgment and decision making.
Who is Daniel Kahneman?
The tendency to evaluate the validity of a logical argument on the basis of whether or not you believe its conclusion.
What is belief bias?
He proposed the idea of dualism.
Who is René Descartes?
These two opposing (two-word) terms refer to perception based on incoming data vs. expectations.
What are bottom-up and top-down processing?
Name of the process by which stimulus energy is turned into neural activity.
What is the transduction?
Thinking is most closely tied to this cognitive process and this neuropsychological ability.
What are working memory & excutive functions?
Looking only for evidence that supports your theories and preconceptions.
What is confirmation bias?
The father of the scientific study of memory (and don't you forget it!).
Who is Hermann Ebbinghaus?
According to Levels of Processing, memory is a by-product of this.
What is attention?
Name of the technique used by Brodmann to describe cellular deifferences between cortical brain areas.
What is cytoarchitechtonics?
Judging the frequency or likelihood of something, based on how easily examples come to mind.
What is the availability heuristic?
Want to make better decisions? Use this analytic (system 2) approach to computing the value of a course of action.
What is expected utility?
The grandfather of cognitive psychology.
Who is William James? (the father of cog psych is Ulric Neisser).
Term used to describe the process of forming a memory when you're not trying to.
What is incidental encoding?
One of the main types of functional neuroimaging.
What is fMRI, PET, MEG, or fNIRS?
The gambler's fallacy is an example of this judgment heuristic (just ask Ellen, the feminist bank teller).
What is the representativeness heuristic? (judging the likelihood of something based on it's resemblance to a prototype).
According to Antonio Damasio, author of Descartes Error, emotion plays an important role in decision making in the form of these bodily feelings.
What are somatic markers?
Patient HM had this condition, which helped scientists realize the importance of the hippocampus in long-term memory formation.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Together, these two kinds of memory make up declarative memory.
What is semantic and episodic?
Cortical lobe that houses the primary motor cortex.
What is the frontal lobe?
Name of the phenom where you think two or more things are related much more than they really are.
What are illusions of covariation? (due to personal theories, selective attention. and confirmation bias).
This theory explains risk seeking and risk aversion, and also predicts framing effects in judgment.
What is Prospect Theory?
These three compoenents make up Atkinson and Shiffrin’s "modal" model of memory.
What are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory? (Baddeley & Hitch's WM model included the phono-loop, visuospatiald, and central executive).
Theory proposing that the reason false memories occur is that memory did not evolve to record the past, but rather to predict the future
The constructive episodic simulation hypothesis.
Technical name (original or modern) for the idea that neurons that fire together wire together.
What is Hebb's Law (aka LTP)?