Schema Theory
Explain the reconstructive nature of memory
memories are not exact replications of events, your mind may fill in the blanks when information is missing
Define the primacy and recency effects.
Items at the beginning and end of a list are more likely to be recalled than items at the middle of a list.
Explain the findings of the bobo doll experiment.
Children imitated the treatment of a bobo doll they witnessed adults model (e.g. if adult was aggressive to doll, child was aggressive; if adult was gentle, child was gentle)
What did Paul Ekman find?
There are universal facial expressions associated with certain emotions (anger, disgust, fear, surprise, happiness, sadness, contempt)
Is the resting membrane potential negative or positive inside the neuron?
Negative
Define "schema"
Mental representations of knowledge stored in the brain
What is the function of the phonological loop?
Inner ear; temporarily holds verbal information
Name at least two features of the Skinner Box.
lever, treat dispenser, electric grid for shocks, mouse
Name two brain structures that are implicated in the processing and formation of memories
Hippocampus and amygdala
What's the name of the famous prisoners and guards experiment that took place at an American university?
Stanford Prison Experiment
What happened in Bartlett's "War of the Ghosts" study?
Students asked to recall the story were able to remember the general narrative, changed details to fit more within their culture, story got shorter over time
How did Quinn and McConnel (1996) find evidence of the Working Memory Model?
Shows separate visual and auditory processing- visual memory interrupted by visual interruption but not auditory; auditory memory interrupted by auditory interruption but not visual
Albert Bandura
Why are there two pathways of emotion in LeDoux's theory?
Some emotions need to be processed in sensory cortex, some more urgent emotions necessary to survival cannot take that much time to be processed.
What "father of psychology" practiced structuralism?
Wilhelm Wundt
Explain the findings of Brewer and Treyens (1981)
Participants remembered things stereotypical for an office, added in some typical office items that weren't present, did not remember most things out of place for an office (except for some very strange items e.g. skull)
Name at least two different types of long-term memory
Episodic, semantic, procedural, emotional conditioning
Define "negative reinforcement" in operant conditioning.
Termination of an unpleasant state following a response.
What are the two factors in the two-factor theory of emotion?
- physical arousal
- cognitive processing/labeling
What is the fatty coating surrounding the axon of some neurons?
Myelin sheath
Explain the methods of the Darley and Gross (1983) study
Had participants watch a girl playing in a rich environment then watch a girl playing in a poor environment. Watched girls taking an IQ test and asked to predict how each performed.
How is information moved from sensory memory to short-term memory according to the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
Selective Attention
You always wear a certain jacket when you take your dog for a walk. Your dog gets excited when they see you put on that jacket. What is the Unconditioned Stimulus, Conditioned Stimulus, and Conditioned Response?
UCS = going for a walk
CS = jacket
CR = dog getting excited
Name at least 3 important features of flashbulb memories.
- Place, ongoing activity, informant, own affect, others' affect, aftermath
What division of the autonomic nervous system kicks in when you are in a life threatening situation?