General Cognition
Schema Studies
MSM & LOP
Schema and its Theory
Biology and Memory
100
What is the definition of psychology?
The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.
100
What was the name of Bartlett's research?
War of the Ghosts
100
What do MSM and LOP stand for?
Multi-store model and Levels of Processing
100
Define schema.
A schema is a set of mental representations, or ideas in our minds, that affect the way we perceive new information from the world. It's a cognitive framework.
100
What are two areas of the brain affected by PTSD?
Frontal lobe, hippocampi, amygdalae
200
What is another name for cognition?
Mental Processes
200
Bartlett described memory as an active...(two words)
reconstructive process
200
What are the three control processes of the MSM?
attention, rehearsal and retrieval.
200
What was the term Bartlett used to describe the process of fitting memories into existing schemas?
Rationalization
200
What are the two major causes of neural degradation due to alzheimer's disease?
Neurofibrillary tangles and Amyloid Plaques
300
What are three examples of cognitive processes?
Memory, Language, Problem-solving, Perception of sensory information, Thinking
300
What does Bransford and Johnson's study show about schemas?
That they can be activated to increase information processing efficiency (and that schema activation before processing information is more effective than activation after information is received).
300
What is one strength and one limitation of the MSM?
S = Proven by evidence, first theory, promoted other models L = Too simplistic, doesn't focus on processing,
300
According to schema theory, when do distortions in memory occur?
When the wrong schema is activated.
300
What's the difference in the hippocampi and amygdalae of people with PTSD?
The hippocampi and amygdalae of people with PTSD are generally smaller.
400
Biological psychology studies the brain, cognitive psychology studies the...
...mind
400
What does Cohen's study show about schemas?
That they enable us to make predictions and generalizations about people, which will influence our subsequent behaviour (in this case the behaviour is memory).
400
Summarise the levels of processing theory in one sentence.
The deeper information is processed the better it will be remembered.
400
What are four functions of schemas?
Increasing information processing efficiency Helping us organise and categorise knowledge and information in our minds Allowing us to make generalisations and predictions about people, events and objects. Allowing easier and faster decision making, especially in ambiguous situations. Saving our cognitive energy
400
What are four symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
memory loss, hallucinations, loss of apetite, depression, delusions, sleepiness.
500
What is one way in which mental processes can influence our behaviour?
Schemas - script schemas guide our behaviour in certain situations; schemas can also influence memory
500
What behaviour can Cohen's study be used to explain?
Stereotypes
500
What are two strengths and two weaknesses of the LOP theory?
proven by evidence, still influential today, given rise to further developments in memory research lacks test-retest reliability, no measure of processing depth during experiments,
500
What are two limitations of schema theory?
The theory doesn't explain how schemas are acquired in the first place. Experimental research can't show their existence, only their influence on behaviour. It's difficult to find biological supporting evidence.
500
Explain, in detail, how Alzheimer's disease causes brain atrophy; and why this affects memory.
You must have included these things in your explanation: amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, acetylcholine, hippocampus, neural degradation. You must also explain how the plaques and tangles cause neurons to die.
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