Conceptualization
...? schema underlies expressions across languages: in English we say 'in love' or 'in trouble'
CONTAINER
Who introduced Prototype Theory?
Eleanor Rosch
What is a concept in cognitive semantics?
✅ A dynamic mental model shaped by perception, embodiment, and culture.
What distinguishes denotational meaning from referential meaning?
✅ Denotational meaning represents general conceptual content, not a specific instance.
the .......... schema links verticality with evaluation: English 'high spirits', Russian 'высокий дух', and Uzbek 'ruhi baland' all treat 'up' as positive.
UP–DOWN
What is metonymy?
Using one concept to stand for another related one (
What does the concept home illustrate?
✅ That concepts carry emotional, sensory, and cultural associations.
Which sentence illustrates pragmatic meaning?
“Can you open the window?”
" I must go home"
" The lesson is over"
✅ “Can you open the window?” — a polite request, not a question about ability.
What does the idea of construal mean?
the speaker’s ability to structure and present the same situation in multiple ways.
What is a conceptual metaphor according to Lakoff & Johnson?
Understanding abstract ideas through concrete experiences
Example: “Time is money,” “Life is a journey.”
What are the three layers of a concept’s internal structure?
✅ Core meaning, peripheral meaning, and relational connections.
What is affective meaning?
✅ Emotional or attitudinal tone, as in kid (warm) vs. offspring (formal).
English, as a .................. language, tends to encode Path in particles or satellites: 'He ran out of the room.'
satellite-framed
According to Prototype Theory, category members...
Have central (typical) and peripheral (less typical) examples
Example: robin = prototypical bird; penguin = less typical bird.
What are the four main types of concepts in typology?
✅ Natural, artifact, social, and abstract concepts.
What is the conceptual function of modality?
✅ It expresses stance — obligation, permission, or certainty (e.g., must, can).
epistemic (degree of certainty) or deontic (obligation or permission).
The model of force dynamics, which represents events as interactions of forces between an Agonist and an Antagonist. For example, 'The door won’t open'
Which word is agonist in this sentence
the door
Which example illustrates fuzzy boundaries?
✅ A tomato being a fruit biologically but a vegetable in cooking.
What are “conceptual networks”?
✅ Mental links among related ideas that activate one another (e.g., doctor → hospital → patient).
What are semantic roles in event meaning?
He sent flowers to me
Conceptual functions such as Agent, Patient, Experiencer, and Goal.
He - Agent
flowers- Patient
to me - Goal