Problem-Solving
Groups objects, events, and characteristics on the basis of common properties.
What are concepts?
Manipulating and transforming information in memory.
What is thinking?
Using a prior strategy and failing to look at a problem from a fresh, new perspective is an example of what obstacle to solving problems?
What is a fixation?
When a student is great in adding and subtracting but is unable to determine how much change he will receive when giving the clerk a dollar for an 85-cent piece of candy, what is he failing to do?
What is transfer?
The number I asked you to forget
What is 91?
A visual representation of a concept's connections and hierarchical organization.
What is a concept map?
An umbrella-like concept that encompasses a number of higher-level cognitive processes.
What is executive function?
You want to present students with a real-life problem to solve so what strategy will you use?
What is problem-based learning?
Information, concepts, knowledge, information about events--that already exist in our mind
What is schema?
Define the concept, clarify terms in the definition, give examples to illustrate key features or characteristics, and provide additional examples. These are the four steps in this strategy?
What is rule-example?
Children need an effective one of these to efficiently process the masses of information they will encounter as they go through school and beyond.
What is working memory?
When students solve a multiplication problem following a set of procedures, what are they using? (helpful in solving clear-cut problems)
What are algorithms?
Transfer that is similar to the one in which the initial learning took place.
What is near transfer?
Processing information with little to no effort.
What is automaticity?
Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine their accuracy?
What are hypotheses?
Joy continues to work on something that is important but boring when she would really rather be playing with her dog Annie. She stays with the task at hand and says, "I have to show the self-discipline to finish this." This type of control is an example of what?
What is cognitive control? (may include attention, reducing interfering thoughts, and being cognitive flexible)
What is a type of fixation is it when you use the same method that has worked for you in the past?
What is mental set?
A type of transfer when a student looks for ways to apply learned information to a future situation.
What is forward-reaching transfer?
Knowing about knowing
What is metacognition?
On Sesame Street you are presented with four pictures, but one of them is not like the others. Deciding which picture does not belong with the others is an example of what?
What is prototype matching?
The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them is what type of bias?
What is confirmation bias?
What are strategies called that suggest a solution to a problem but doesn't guarantee it?
What are heuristics?
When a student looks back to a previous situation for information to solve a problem in a new context.
What is backward-reaching transfer.
A cognitive approach in which students manipulate information, monitor it, and strategize about it (attention, memory, thinking)
What is information processing?