Memory
What is the difference between episodic and semantic memory?
Episodic memory is declarative, autobiographical memory while semantic is factual based/concept based
Describe deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning is concerned with conclusions that follow with certainty from the premises
Describe what set effects are
A set effect is the biasing of a solution to a problem as a result of past experiences in solving that kind of problem
What area of the brain plays a role in maintaining goal structures?
The prefrontal cortex
How does the temporal lobe play a role in memory?
The structures within the temporal lobe are involved in the permanent storage of memories
If someone affirms the consequent and denies the antecedent, what inference have they made?
An invalid inference
Describe incubation effects
Phenomenon when solutions to a particular problem come easier after a period of time in which one has ignored trying to solve the problem, occurs when inappropriate strategies are forgotten
Describe insight problem as it relates to cognitive psychology
A problem in which individuals are not aware that they are close to a solution
Describe a flashbulb memory and provide an example
When a memory holds its vividness and clarity with details from the day
Example: When Michael Jackson died, 9/11, ect.
Describe a categorical syllogism
A statement containing two premises, a conclusion, and quantifiers
Describe deliberate practice and how it may contribute to neural growth
Definition: Practice that is highly motivated and involves careful self-monitoring
Much deliberate practice is necessary to develop expertise in any field and may drive neural growth (violinists, taxi drivers)
Every day, Jose wakes up and performs the same morning work task before moving on with his day. When he first started doing the task it would take him 30 minutes, but now he can complete the task in only 22 minutes. Compared to when Jose first started doing the task, how much of Jose’s brain do we expect him to be using now that he is more proficient at the task?
We would expect that Jose would be using less of his brain to perform that task
After falling off of her bike and hitting her head, Michelle can no longer make new memories, but seems to be able to recall memories made prior to her accident. What type of amnesia does she have? Explain the difference between the two main types of amnesias.
She has anterograde amnesia, the inability to form new memories after the onset of an accident/damage to the brain
Retrograde amnesia: Inability to remember old memories/ones that happened prior to accident, but can still form new memories
Describe functional fixedness and give an example
It is the tendency to only see objects as serving their conventional functions
Describe intelligent tutoring systems and what the benefits are
Computer systems that combine cognitive models with techniques from artificial intelligence to create instructional interactions with students
Benefits: It carefully monitors individual components of a skill and proves feedback on learning, helping students rapidly master complex skills
Describe modus ponens, a rule of inference
If A is the antecedent, and B is the consequence and if A is true, then we infer that B is true
In terms of the fan effect, what area of the brain is activated during verification of facts?
The prefrontal cortex – there is greater response in the high fan condition
Jamal goes to school and trains extensively in logic. How would one expect his performance to be on the original Wason card-selection task compared to if he did not go to school to train in logic?
We expect them to possibly be the same, as training in logic does not necessarily result in better performance on that task
Describe the chimpanzee study in problem solving that Kohler (1927) conducted and the implications of it
The chimpanzee solved the two-stick problem by joining two short sticks to form a pole long enough to reach the food outside his cage showcasing that animals are capable of learning beyond simple trial and error – demonstrates a deeper understanding of the problem
Discuss tactical learning and strategic learning and describe the difference between them
Tactical learning: Learning of sequences of actions that help solve a problem, a tactic refers to a method that accomplishes a particular goal
Strategic learning: Learning how to organize one’s problem solving for a specific class of problems (ex: expect vs novice physics problem solving, differences in how the problems are approached)