Concepts
Describe the recognition heuristic
If you see two objects and you only recognize one of them, then you could infer that the object you recognized has more value within the criterion
Describe myelination of cells
layers of myelin that wrap around the neuronal axons and act as a layer of insulation for the transmission of electric action potentials down the neuronal axon.
In what age ranges is learning a language the easiest?
Typically from 2 years old to 12 years old
Given an example of the availability heuristic
The availability heuristic works by prioritizing infrequent events based on recency and vividness. For example, plane crashes can make people afraid of flying. However, the likelihood of dying in a car accident is far higher than dying as a passenger on an airplane.
Describe subjective utility
What are glial cells?
Cells located in the PNS and the CNS that provides physical and metabolic support to neurons, including neuronal insulation (myelinate the cells) and communication, and nutrient and waste transport.
What are constituents?
A constituent is a linguistic part of a larger sentence, phrase, or clause. For instance, all the words and phrases that make up a sentence are said to be constituents of that sentence
Describe base-rate neglect
the tendency to underweight base rate or prior information compared with current, individuating information when estimating probability of uncertain events
Describe what aphasia is and where damage occurs to cause aphasia
Aphasia is categorized as a loss of language, typically resulting from damage to the temporal lobe
Babies are observed to vastly develop during the first two years of life. What is their development mainly a result from?
Neural changes
What are the three stages of language comprehension as described by your textbook?
Perceptual processes, parsing, utilization
List Piaget's 4 stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
What is a child capable of in Piaget's formal-operational stage?
The child can analyze their environment and make deductions. Thus, they are capable of scientific reasoning
How old is a child when the majority of their neural development is complete?
5 years old
Describe the modularity position and how it relates to language
The modularity position argues that during an initial phase in language, humans only process syntax
Describe the "know-better" option in developmental theory
Posits that children are able to learn better methods and more facts as they experience life and get older
Name two general intelligence tests talked about in your textbook
The Standford-Binet and Wechsler tests
What is a major function of the nucleus accumbens?
Helps to modulate reward and pleasure processing in the reward pathway
What do the concepts of discreteness and productivity allow in language?
They allow the elements of language to be combined into complex hierarchical structures, like sentences
Describe the Iowa gambling task and what the participants learn to do
They learn to avoid the high paying decks