Intelligence
what are Howard Gardner's 8 types of intelligence? Name 4 of 8.
1) logic-math, 2) visual-spatial, 3) music-rhythm, 4) verbal-linguistic, 5) bodily-kinesthetic, 6) interpersonal, 7) intrapersonal, and 8) naturalistic
Asking if an olive is a vegetable would be an example of a fuzzy concept, this is because…
there are unclear boundaries that can shift over time.
How are heuristics used in our environment?
A mental shortcut or rule of thumb that reduces complex mental problems to more simple rule-based decisions.
What are the two key factors that maintain homeostasis?
First, the state of the system being regulated must be monitored and compared to an ideal level, or a set point.
Second, there need to be mechanisms for moving the system back to this set point—that is, to restore homeostasis when deviations from it are detected.
What are the basic emotions?
desire, liking, fear, rage, love, grief
What does the concept of "g" or general intelligence, proposed by Charles Spearman, suggest about the relationship between different intellectual abilities?
suggests that different intellectual abilities are linked by a single, underlying factor. Verbal ability often aligns with good performance in logic and reasoning
What is the most important variable in predicting how people interact with categories?
how typical something is
Paul is trying to figure out what sandwich to buy. He weighs the pros and cons, looks at the costs, and slowly comes to a decision. What type of system thinking is he using?
System 2
The affective importance of an outcome for an organism is known as the ___
reward value
What is one main emotional factor that predicts wellbeing
emotional coherence
Explain the difference between satisfaction and satisfactoriness.
Satisfactoriness: Correspondence between an individual’s abilities and the ability requirements of the environment.
Satisfaction:Correspondence between an individual’s needs or preferences and the rewards offered by the environment
Name at least three influences of typicality on cognition
1.Typical items are judged category members more often .
2.Speed of categorization is faster for typical items
3. Typical members are learned before atypical ones
4. Learning a category is easier if typical examples are provided
5. In language comprehension, references to typical members are understood more easily
6. In language production, people tend to say typical items before atypical ones (e.g., “apples and lemons rather than “lemons and apples”)
Why is System 1 not ideal for making important decisions?
it is bias and susceptible to error
What brain region is involved in sexual arousal in males?
the pre-optic area
desire is the neural system of _________ __________, which brain regions are involved?
reward seeking; hypothalamus and frontal cortex
In the field of talent development and identification, the greatest consensus appears to be, what?
Exceptional performers are deeply committed to what they do, and they devote a great deal of time to doing it.
categorize these concepts into: subordinate, superordinate, and basic: meat, steak, ribeye
suborindate=ribeye, basic=steak, superordinate=meat
Name the three main cognitive biases in decision making, and briefly explain each
overconfidence, anchoring, framing
What are the three ways that drive states narrow our attention?
Outcomes and objects that are not related to satisfying hunger lose their value
a collapsing of time-perspective toward the present. That is, they make us impatient.
3. thoughts and outcomes related to the self versus others.
what is the difference between desire and liking? Hint: there is an example in your textbook.
While they often go together, desire and liking are separate processes. People can desire something without liking it, such as in addiction, where a person craves a drug but no longer finds it pleasurable
What does the acronym RIASEC stand for? Define each term.
Realistic=prefers structure, working with gadgets, Investigate= scientific pursuit, artistic= creativity. dislike structure, Social=working with people, Enterprising= leadership and persuasion, Conventional=structured, clear rules
Explain how we use weighted features in the prototype theory…
The features are weighted by their frequency in the category.
ex. For the category of birds, having wings and feathers would have a very high weight; eating worms would have a lower weight; living in Antarctica would have a lower weight still, but not zero, as some birds do live there.
Name at least 4 of the 6 steps of decision making
1) define the problem (i.e., selecting the right graduate program), (2) identify the criteria necessary to judge the multiple options (location, prestige, faculty, etc.), (3) weight the criteria (rank them in terms of importance to you), (4) generate alternatives (the schools that admitted you), (5) rate each alternative on each criterion (rate each school on each criteria that you identified, and (6) compute the optimal decision.
Stewart rarely feels hungry anymore. When he goes to the doctor, they do a brain scan and find that his ____ is damaged, meaning he cannot feel hunger.
the lateral hypothalamus
what are the two pathways for a fear response and what is the function of those pathways?
1. Sensory organ → Thalamus → Amygdala, 2. Sensory organ → Thalamus →Visual Cortex→ Amygdala : respond quickly to danger, even before processing what the danger is ex. snake