FAMOUS FIGURES
About one year into her term as First Lady of the United States, Nellie Taft suffered a stroke which impaired her ability to produce full sentences, an example of this type of aphasia.
What is Broca’s/nonfluent aphasia?
All phonemes can be described by three characteristics: place of articulation, voicing, and this third attribute.
What is manner of production?
In this example of confirmation bias, people tend to see associations between unrelated stimuli when they expect a pattern to occur.
What is an illusory covariation?
Death rates, income levels, and complex job performance are all evidence of this attribute of IQ testing.
What is predictive validity?
This type of study, including mapping, zooming, and rotation tasks, provides a quantifiable value that makes it possible to study imagery without the need for introspection.
What are chronometric studies?
Though unproven, artists Winnie Bamara and Stephen Wiltshire are both alleged to have this fantastic skill which allows them to memorize entire images without the use of mnemonics.
What is eidetic imagery?
According to this concept, morphemes can be combined and recombined to produce nearly infinite new words.
What is generativity?
According to this model of decision making, people tend to either make decisions quickly based on heuristics or by slower, effortful consideration.
What is the dual process model?
According to this theory, intelligence can be identified as eight different abilities, including linguistic, logical mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.
What are Gardner’s multiple intelligences?
Once in imagery, images become static representations of stimuli that cannot be reinterpreted, also known as this.
Railway worker Phineas Gage suffered serious impairments to his judgment and decision making abilities, due to damage to this region of his brain.
What is the orbitofrontal cortex?
This principle, in which we tend to parse a sentence using the simplest syntax possible, explains why people usually need to reread garden-path sentences.
What is minimal attachment?
People are more likely to use System 2 thinking when data are presented in a way that makes it clear that they are quantifiable (or this) in nature.
What are codable data?
According to this finding, people around the world are generally increasing in both crystallized and fluid intelligence.
What is the Flynn Effect?
According to this hypothesis, easily imaged words will be better remembered than abstract words by providing a second retrieval path.
What is the dual coding hypothesis?
Nim Chimpsky was able to learn the semantic meaning of some signs, but was not able to master this other fundamental component of language.
What is syntax?
Children follow a predictable pattern of language learning, starting with this phase and ending with basic adult sentences.
What is cooing?
According to this theory, decisions should be made by multiplying the expected outcome by the likelihood of that outcome.
What is utility theory?
Under this condition, people tend to perform poorly on IQ tests when told that they aren’t expected to do well based on group membership.
What is stereotype threat?
People tend to remember pictures as having a larger background than what was actually shown, in a phenomenon known as this.
What is boundary extension?
The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes drew bottom-up conclusions based on observing the facts of a case, also known as this type of reasoning.
What is induction?
This hypothesis makes two claims about language: First, that all languages share some rules (e.g., all have verbs and nouns), and second, that all languages that contain certain rules also contain related rules (e.g., languages that are phrased subject-verb-object will phrase questions as object-verb-subject).
What are linguistic universals?
When framing is changed from potential wins to potential losses, even when the utility levels stay the same, people tend to adopt this type of behavior.
What is risk-seeking?
According to this theory, intelligence isn’t identified as an area in the brain, but instead the coordination of multiple brain regions.
What is parieto-frontal integration theory?
People who self report more vivid imagery in this type of study also perform better on imagery tasks that cannot be solved spatially.
What is introspection?