Cognitive Processing Memory Models
This model suggests that sensory information from the world enters sensory memory and stays there for a few seconds and only a very small amount of the information will continue into the short-term memory (STM) store.
What is the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
We call our brains this in that they seek to minimize the amount of effort to think.
What are Cognitive Misers?
A systematic error in thinking that occurs when we are processing and interpreting information in the world around us that affects the decisions we make.
What is a cognitive bias?
A theory of memory recall, in which the act of remembering is influenced by other cognitive processes including perception, past experience, imagination, and beliefs.
What is Reconstructive Memory?
This is a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which surprising and consequential news was learned about.
What is Flashbulb Memory?
This research method was used by Scoville and Milner to study patient H.M.
What is a Case Study?
This model proposes that the “central executive” allocates data to slave systems: the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad.
What is the Working Memory Model?
This model of human cognition postulates that decision-making can be described as a function of both an intuitive, experiential, affective system (System I) and/or an analytical, rational system (System II).
What is The Dual-process model?
These are rules-of-thumb that can be applied to guide decision-making based on a more limited subset of the available information. Because they rely on less information, they facilitate faster decision-making than strategies that require more information.
What are Heuristics?
This type of memory includes contextual information about experienced events, including how things looked, sounded, and smelled, as well as the emotions that were experienced.
What is Episodic memory?
This is the emotion which theoretically plays a role in Flashbulb Memory.
What is "surprise"?
This model of memory was supported by Scoville and Milner's study of patient H.M.
What is the Multi-Store Model of Memory?
Mental representations that are derived from prior experience and knowledge, these help us to predict what to expect based on what has happened before.
What are Schemas?
Going with one's first instinct and reaching decisions quickly based on automatic cognitive processes.
What is Intuitive thinking (System 1)?
A cognitive bias where an individual depends too heavily on an initial piece of information offered to make subsequent judgments during decision making.
What is Anchoring Bias?
A small spike in this hormone can aid memory processing but too much will interfere with it.
What is Cortisol/adrenaline?
These researchers created the theory of Flashbulb Memory?
This study aimed to implant a false memory that participants had been lost in a mall when they were young.
Loftus and Pickrell
These researchers created the Working Memory Model.
Who are Baddeley & Hitch?
The ability to consider the relevant variables of a situation and to access, organize, and analyze relevant information to arrive at a sound conclusion.
What is Rational Thinking (System 2)?
This is when people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented.
What is Framing effect?
The tendency for post-event information to interfere with the memory of the original event.
What is the Misinformation effect?
Flashbulb Memory has some biological support as research often shows activity in this part of the brain, which deals with emotion.
What is the amygdala?
Loftus used this research method to show that memory is often unreliable.
What are Experiments?
In the MSM, "Encoding" is the initial learning of placing information into memory storage, but this is what happens if that information is not rehearsed.
Displacement
As shown in the study of HM, this type of memory is mostly likely guided by System 1 Thinking.
What is Procedural memory?
Used when we make a decision based on "what comes to mind." When asked: are there more English words with K in the first position or with K in the third position? - people will often say "in the first position" because these words come more easily to mind. It is actually the third position.
What is the Availability Heuristic?
This is when we leave out details when recalling a memory; this may be because the details were schema incongruent, they were not seen as important, or they were not understood.
What is Leveling?
When people judge an experience by how they felt at its most intense point and at its conclusion, rather than the sum total of the experience.
What is the Peak-End Rule?
There is an inherent tension between this ethical consideration and the need for researchers to control for demand characteristics.
What is Deception?