Logic and Biases
This type of reasoning is based on probability and does not guarantee the conclusion is true but makes it more likely.
What is induction?
This heuristic relies on how easily examples come to mind when estimating frequency.
What is the availability heuristic?
A solution that comes in a sudden “aha” moment, as demonstrated by chimps stacking boxes to reach bananas.
What is insight?
This rule describes how neurons “wire together” through repeated simultaneous activation.
What is Hebb’s rule?
This level of Rosch’s hierarchy is the most informative and distinctive.
What is the basic level?
This bias occurs when we focus on evidence supporting our beliefs and ignore disconfirming evidence.
What is confirmation bias?
Ignoring base rate information and relying on stereotypes instead is a hallmark of this heuristic.
What is the representative heuristic?
The process of breaking a problem into sub-goals to make it more manageable.
What is means-end analysis?
These connections between nodes determine the strength of their influence in a neural network.
What are weights?
This theory compares new stimuli to stored mental examples rather than an idealized prototype.
What is exemplar theory?
The moral framework focusing on maximizing the best outcome for the most people.
What is utilitarianism?
The phenomenon where prior investments influence decision-making despite diminishing returns.
What is the sunk cost fallacy?
The inability to perceive alternate uses for objects due to this cognitive limitation.
What is functional fixedness?
A process that adjusts weights in a network based on error signals to improve performance.
What is backpropagation?
These universal components, used in the recognition-by-components theory, can be viewed and interpreted from many perspectives.
What are geons?
The name for a valid conditional syllogism where the premises “P → Q” and “~Q” lead to the conclusion “~P.”
What is modus tollens?
This theory posits that losses feel worse than equivalent gains feel good.
What is prospect theory?
This type of problem is ill-defined, and its solution appears in a burst of insight.
What is a riddle?
The balance between learning new data and retaining old data, a challenge for neural networks.
What is stability vs. plasticity?
This theory suggests concepts are shaped by our beliefs and experiences.
What is the "theory" theory?
The term for the tendency to accept invalid conclusions if they seem believable.
What is belief bias?
The heuristic that relies on an initial piece of information, disproportionately affecting later judgments.
What is anchoring and adjustment?
This model suggests that humans often focus on surface features rather than structural similarities during analogical problem solving.
What is the analogical problem-solving model?
A network's ability to fill in missing information based on prior knowledge.
What is pattern completion?
The name for the network model in which activating one concept spreads activation to related ideas.
What is semantic networks and spreading activation?