History/Background
Psych Health & Pathology
Cognitive Therapy
Symptoms/Disorders
& Treatment
Random & Case Illustration
100
This therapeutic conceptualization incorporates both cognitive and behavioral techniques, and is sometimes used interchangeably with cognitive therapy. It is empirically supported to be effective in treating conditions ranging from depression to panic disorders to psychosis. It is also described as very useful in working with individuals from diverse racial, ethnic, and cultural backgrounds, as well as those in traditionally marginalized groups.
What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy? (CBT)
100
They are structured/active/problem oriented, time limited, Psychoeducational, and collaborative.
What are cognitive therapy sessions?
100
Devised by the client and therapist at the beginning of each session. These may be particularly useful for clients from racial/ethnic minorities or disadvantaged backgrounds because it may help clarify for individuals who may be unfamiliar with the goals of typical therapy or whose culture may have reservations about obtaining mental health services.
What is an agenda?
100
The book speaks of discrepancies in the results of the efficacy of cognitive therapy for clients with this disorder. Initial findings indicated relapse and reoccurrence rates of this disorder were lower for clients who received cognitive therapy than those who received medication. The studies that did not find cognitive therapy to be the most effective suggested the variations may be due to therapeutic skill or expertise. This disorder is…
What is Depression?
100
Empathy, collaboration, trust, and attention paid to transference/countertransference all contribute to the formation of the…
What is the Therapeutic Relationship?
200
Cognitive therapy is typically most closely identified with this individual. He proposed a continuity hypothesis, in which clinically significant difficulties represented extreme forms of normal emotional and behavioral functioning. He theorized an information-processing paradigm that incorporated two elements: cognitive structures (such as the schemas and automatic thoughts) and cognitive mechanisms (such as cognitive distortions). Other psychologists elaborated on his ideas, creating a therapy that incorporated both behavioral techniques and cognitive techniques and had as its goal the changing of the dysfunctional thought patterns and their underlying schemas—this is essential early CBT.
Who is Aaron Beck?
200
Theses are seen as playing central role in organizing our responses both to daily events and to long-term challenges
What are cognitive processes?
200
These are used during therapy to address and possibly modify distortions, maladaptive beliefs, and hypothesized schemas identified during case formulation They may also help with medication compliance.
What are Interventions?
200
Cognitive-Behavioral interventions that were developed or this disorder include psycho-education, relaxation training, identification of maladaptive thoughts and expectations, rational disputation, social skills training, and in vivo exposure. This disorder is called…
What is Social Phobia?
200
The assumption that emotional states (anger, happiness, guilt) and clinical disorders can be distinguished in terms of their specific cognitive contents and processes. Looks at cognitive and behavior processes that bring out specific disorders and may serve as focus of treatment
What is the Cognitive specificity hypothesis?
300
Contemporary cognitive psychotherapy is founded on THIS concept, which proposes that individuals are proactive and develop systems of personal meaning to organize their interactions with the world. This knowledge is relative in that it is based on personal and cultural epistemologies and may not be based on an objective reality.
What is Psychological Constructivism?
300
This serves as a useful framework for examining the automatic thoughts and tacit assumptions that clients describe
What is the cognitive triad?
300
Any intervention or technique that alters a clients perceptions or beliefs. These techniques can be taught to a client so they can essentially become their own therapist.
what are cognitive techniques?
300
These describe behaviors that are less than normal in terms of energy, physical movement, and emotional state. They result from a combination of neurobiological, environmental, and psychological processes. Examples are: restricted emotional expression, diminished fluency of thought and speech and decreased motivation to engage in goal-directed behavior.
What are Negative Symptoms?
300
Bob displayed dichotomization by saying “If I’m not right, I’m wrong.” He stated “Everyone is smarter than me; I can’t even blow a bubble,” indicating a self-criticizing comparison. Bob also made “Should” statements, such as when he said: “I should be smarter and do more.” These are all examples of THIS.
What are Cognitive distortions?
400
Cognitive theory poses that an individual’s characteristic patterns of viewing the world are shaped throughout development and are known as THIS. THESE play a central role in the formation of an individual’s personality. Stored in memory as generalization from specific experiences and prototypes of specific cases, THESE provide focus and meaning for incoming information. Although not in our conscious awareness, they direct our attention to those elements of our day-to-day experience that are most important for our survival adaptation. They are often strongly held and are seen as essential for the person’s safety, well-being, or existence. Those that are consolidated early in life and powerfully reinforced by significant others are often highly valiant in the personality style of the individual.
What are Schemas?
400
This, along with negative distortions, typically become the focus of therapy
What are maladaptive distortions?
400
One example of this is resistance. Resistance includes any behavior, processing, or response of the client that interferes with his or her ability to fully utilize the treatment in order to handle problems outside of therapy. This may happen for several reasons including fault being on the therapist, client, or both. Other influencing factors include cultural barriers and socioeconomic barriers. Resistance is an example of…
What are Challenges?
400
Psychotic disorders have been understood as neurobiological and this symptom is not cooperative to psychological intervention. This symptom is said to be an exaggerated manifestation on a continuum of normal perceptions, thoughts, or beliefs. Ex. Delusions and hallucinations.
What is a positive symptom?
400
Bob displayed severe depression, suicidality, feelings of worthlessness, social anxiety, manic episodes, and poor social skills. He had been hospitalized twice for suicidal ideation. He often expressed self-doubt and self-criticism. Many of these symptoms can be explained by his diagnosis of THESE disorders.
What is Bipolar disorder with depressed and avoidant personality disorder?
500
Acceptance and commitment therapy, or ACT, posits that psychopathology arises from psychological inflexibility, such as in the case of experiential avoidance that arises because some internal events, such as thoughts or feelings, are perceived as aversive or evaluated negatively. In ACT, individuals should become aware of and examine their thoughts and change the relationship they have with their thoughts. The action of distancing oneself from ones thoughts is an important tool. ACT rejects cognitive restructuring because the focus is on addressing the function of cognition, not the content. Mindful-based cognitive therapy was developed to treat major depressive disorder. It builds on Beck’s model of cognitive therapy, focusing on how habitual thinking patterns become reactive and trigger symptom relapses during times of stress. It incorporates mindfulness to reactivate adaptive patterns of thinking through nonjudgmental awareness of cognitions, emotions, and sensations. Schema-based therapy was developed to address specific needs of individuals with characterological issues, such as borderline personality disorder and chronic depression or anxiety. Individuals cope through schema avoidance (where they rearrange their lives so problematic schemas are not activated), schema surrender (where perceptions and behaviors are changed to conform to their schemas), and schema neutralization/overcompensation (where they act to neutralize the schema by behaving in a manner opposite to what is predicted by the schema. Together, acceptance and commitment therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and schema-based therapy are also known as THIS.
What are Third-wave cognitive-based therapies?
500
The domain of early maladaptive schemas the individual has difficulty functioning independently and successfully differentiating self from other
What is impaired autonomy and performance?
500
Failure to develop a specific problem list or to share a rationale with the patient, not assigning appropriate homework, premature introduction of rational techniques, and not attending to one’s own emotional reactions: are a few examples of…
What are Common Therapist Errors?
500
They refer to enduring patterns of thought, perception, and interpersonal relatedness that are inflexible and maladaptive. Usually occurs with stress, occur in a range of settings. They may impair individuals social or occupational functioning, are chronic and do not fluctuate over time.
What are Personality disorders?
500
Bob began to have increasing feelings of dysphoria and anxiety when he became more aware of his automatic thoughts. In order to counter these feelings, he systematically examined evidence for and against each of the distressing thoughts, listed alternative ways of thinking about the evidence, and developed more adaptive ways of coping with his concerns. For example, he believed that he was not smart. Given his SAT scores and the fact that he does well in school, this thought is not probable. Rather, it was proposed that he experiences a lack of confidence in his abilities and that he was unprepared to cope with the anxiety involved in moving away from home. He decided a goal of therapy would be to develop skills to accomplish this goal. This technique is known as ________.
What is Rational responding?
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