Neuroanatomy (Ch 1+)
The 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex
What are the Frontal, Parietal, Occipital and Temporal Lobes?
A channel that becomes inactive during the overshoot phase of the action potential
What is a Na+ voltage-gated channel?
A photoreceptor that has high spatial acuity
What is a cone?
About 60% of fibers cross at this key location.
What is the optic chiasm?
These neurons innervate skeletal muscles fibres
What are lower (alpha) motor neurons?
Upper motor neurons are found in these two locations
What is the cortex and brainstem?
This type of eye movement is used to track moving objects.
A disorder known as face blindness
What is prosopagnosia?
An area associated with the ability to produce language efficiently.
What is Broca's area?
To view the brain from above
What is dorsal?
The slow opening of K+ voltage-gated channels during depolarisation allows for this type of current
What is a late outward current?
When light rays are focused in front of the retina
What is Myopia?
This provides the basis for stereopsis?
What are binocular disparity cues?
The recruitment of motor units in size order based on the amount of force needed.
What is the size principle?
Comprised of a motor neuron and the muscle fibres it innervates.
What is a motor unit?
When the eye is adducted, which muscle would be primarily responsible for elevating the eye in this position
What is the inferior oblique?
A region of the frontal lobe that mediates decision making and planning
What is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?
The emotional valence of speech, made using intensity, pitch, rhythm etc.
What is prosody?
The cell that supports the activity of neurons but do not themselves participate in electrical signaling
What is a Glial Cell?
A recording technique that is optimal for studying how channel activity is influenced by extracellular chemical signals
What is outside-out recording?
The opposite of myopia (short-sighted).
What is hyperopia?
A multisensory midbrain structure that coordinates head & eye movements towards targets
What is the Superior colliculus?
When one muscles contracts, the other muscle relaxes.
What are antagonistic muscle pairs?
Motor maps over-represent body parts responsible for finer movements (relative to larger body parts responsible for coarser movements)
What is cortical magnification?
Neurons responsible for generating directional oculomotor commands
What are Local Circuit Neurons?
These 2 layers of the cerebral cortex primarily has corticocortical connections?
What are layers 2 and 3?
Split brain patients have this brain structure severed as a treatment for medically intractable epileptic seizures.
What is the corpus callosum?
Structural feature separating the frontal and parietal lobes.
What is the central sulcus?
The structure responsible for ion selectivity in K+ channels.
What is the selectivity filter?
A type of bipolar cell that hyperpolarises when light is shone on the centre of its receptive field
What is an OFF-centre bipolar cell?
The primary visual cortex has this type of laminar organisation?
What is columnar?
Sherrington coined this term to describe the relationship between a single alpha motor neuron and all the muscle fibres it innervates.
What is a motor unit?
The reticular formation is part of this structure.
What is the brainstem?
These two areas project to the gaze centers and are especially important for generating saccades to visual targets.
What are the superior colliculus and the frontal eye fields (FEF)?
Neurons whose firing rates are modulated by attention can be found in this part of the brain.
What is the parietal cortex?
Tactile object recognition in split-brain patients confirmed this feature of language control.
What is lateralisation?
The lobe most strongly associated with recognising/identifying objects.
What is the temporal lobe?
The number of subunits that are assembled together to form a bacterial K+ channel.
What is four?
This is why the photoreceptor sheet is located at the back rather than the front of the eye?
What is to permit the efficient recycling of the outer segments of photoreceptors?
Symptom of damage to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the brainstem.
What is no consensual eye response? (i.e. one eye's pupil constricts in light, but not the other)
Percentage of pyramidal tract fibres that decussate to form the lateral corticospinal tract.
What is 90%?
The name for the collective activity of a large number of upper motor neurons in the primary motor cortex, which reliably predicts the upcoming reaching direction.
What is a neuronal population vector?
This encodes the amplitude of saccadic eye movements.
What is the duration of activity in the lower motor neurons of the oculomotor nuclei?
The name of one of the most famous early cases of behavioural deficits from frontal lobe damage that was caused by a tamping iron which entered his skull because of an explosion at work.
Phineas Gage
These are the cytoarchitectonic areas defined by Brodmann that are now associated with Broca's and Wernicke's areas, respectively.
What are Brodmann areas 44 and 45 for Broca's, and 22 for Wernicke's?