Founding Fathers
This Founding Father believed the federal government should establish a national bank — impose protective tariffs — and actively manage the commercial economy
Alexander Hamilton
When George Washington became president — the new nation faced this major financial problem left over from the Revolutionary War.
Large national debt
In 1803 — President Jefferson purchased this massive territory from France — roughly doubling the size of the United States.
Louisiana Purchase
This American foreign policy doctrine — issued in 1823 — warned European powers not to colonize or interfere with nations in the Western Hemisphere.
The Monroe Doctrine
In this landmark Supreme Court case — Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review — giving the Supreme Court the power to strike down unconstitutional laws.
Marbury v. Madison
Hamilton and Jefferson disagreed so deeply about the role of government that their rivalry gave rise to these — America's first organized political groups.
Political parties
John Adams supported this controversial law — arguing it was necessary to protect national security — but critics said it was really designed to silence political opponents.
Alien and Sedition Acts
Jefferson sent these two men to explore the Louisiana Territory — map the land — and establish contact with Native nations west of the Mississippi.
Lewis and Clark
The War of 1812 was caused in part by this British practice — in which the Royal Navy forced American sailors into service on British warships.
Impressment
Judicial review means the Supreme Court has the power to do this to any law passed by Congress or a state legislature.
Declare a law unconstitutional / strike down a law
Jefferson believed the economy should be built on this — arguing that farmers and landowners were the backbone of a healthy republic — not merchants or manufacturers.
Agrarian / farming
This president warned the nation against the dangers of political factions — permanent foreign alliances — and growing sectionalism in his famous farewell address.
George Washington
This 1787 law established the framework for admitting new states to the Union — and prohibited slavery north of the Ohio River — making it one of the most important land policies in American history.
The Northwest Ordinance
The period following the War of 1812 — marked by a surge of American nationalism and a temporary collapse of political party divisions — became known by this name.
Era of Good Feelings
Issues that the USA faced after the Era of Good Feelings into the Age of Jackson
Sectionalism
Hamilton used this clause from Article I of the Constitution to argue that Congress had the right to create a national bank — even though the Constitution did not explicitly say so. HINT: loose interpretation of Constitution
Necessary and Proper Clause / Elastic Clause?
The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 deepened tensions between Northern and Southern states by requiring Northern states to do this — even if they opposed slavery.
Return escaped enslaved people to their owners
Jefferson's Louisiana Purchase created a tension with his own political beliefs — because buying the territory required him to stretch federal power in a way that contradicted this core principle he had always championed.
Strict construction / limited federal government?
One major economic effect of the War of 1812 was that British trade disruptions forced the United States to develop more of this — reducing its dependence on imported British manufactured goods.
Manufacturing
The Northwest Ordinance established this important process — which gave territories a clear path to becoming full and equal members of the Union rather than permanent colonies of the existing states.
Creating a new state
Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans believed in this interpretation of the Constitution — arguing that the federal government could only do what the Constitution specifically listed — which is why Jefferson opposed the national bank.
Strict interpretation
The Whiskey Rebellion, the National Bank, and the Alien & Sedition Acts
Problems faced by the new nation
What is a principle of Jefferson's Free Enterprise Economy
Hands - off government, pro-business, agrarian
During John Adams' presidency — French agents demanded bribes before agreeing to negotiate with American diplomats — in what became known as this scandal — which nearly pushed the United States into a full war with France.
XYZ Affair
Marshall's decision in Marbury v. Madison permanently shifted the balance of power among the three branches of government by establishing that this branch — not Congress or the President — had the final say on what the Constitution means.
Judicial Branch / SCOTUS