Lapis Lazuli, Turquoise, & Other Opaque Gems
This paint pigment derived from lapis is also know as what color?
What is ultramarine?
Feldspar, spodumene, and diopside have how many cleavages?
What is 2?
What country remains a major cultured pearl import and export center?
Where is Japan?
The animal provides the most valuable ivory
What is an elephant?
Almost all rubies are ________ ___________ to enhance their color.
heat treated
What trace elements cause Sapphires blue coloring?
Titanium and Iron
What country is the worlds largest supplier of emeralds?
Columbia
What is the exterior shape?
What is the trade term for top colored turquoise?
What is Persian?
Which spodumene variety can fade in color when exposed to bright light or high heat?
What is kunzite?
The lining of a mollusk's shell that encloses its soft body and contains the cells that form pearl sacs and secrete nacre
What is a mantle?
The name of amber that is less than 1 million years old
What is copal?
The higher levels of ______ in basalt-hosted rubies inhibit fluorescence.
iron
Most fine sapphires over 100 cts. are from
Sri Lanka (wooo JD)
emerald with inclusions that look mossy or garden-like
jardin
The synthesis process that can closely resemble natural gems
What are solution processes?
This region is the largest producer of turquoise
Where is the southwestern U.S.?
When does chrome diopside tend to look dark?
What is over 3 carats?
Tahitian cultured pearls are grown in what type of mollusk?
Circular marks sometimes left in amber when treaters heat and oil
What are sun spangles?
This trace element is what makes Ruby red
Chromium
What country is the worlds largest source for dark blue commercial quality sapphires?
Austrialia
percentage of emeralds that have fractures filled with oil or resins
over 90%
What synthesis method produces extremely pure, high-quality sapphire crystals for technological and science applications?
What is pulling?
This material goes by a different name but is actually pyrite
What is marcasite? or What is "fool's gold"?
What is marketed as the “all- American” gemstone?
What is Oregon sunstone?
A crystallized form of calcium carbonate found in nacre
What is aragonite?
Another name for the most valuable red coral color
What is oxblood?
The finest rubies typically form in what kind of deposits?
marble deposits
This United States mine is famous for its sapphire production
Yogo Gulch, Montana
Name 4 primary emerald-producing areas in Colombia
Muzo, Coscuez, La Pita, and Chivor
What is the most common form of clarity enhancement?
What is fracture filling?
This is the oldest known commercial source for lapis
What is Bactria (ancient Iran)?
Kunzite is cut in this direction to display the best color
What is down the length of the crystal?
The organic "glue" in nacre that holds aragonite platelets together
What is conchiolin?
King's or akbar coral is known as
What is black coral?
What is the most important historical ruby source.
Mogok, Myanmar
Smoky corundum that turns blue when treated
Dhun
leading exporter of emeralds by per-carat price into the US
Switzerland
Most colored stones form in here
Where is the earth's continental crust?
What is the name of the lapis mine found in Denver, Colorado?
What is the most prized color of spodumene?
What is intense pink and intense violetish purple?
The optical phenomenon created in some non-nacreous pearls when intersecting groups of crystals interact with light
What is flame structure?
The fossilized remains of a hard shell, squid like marine mollusks that lived 65 to 395 million years ago
What is ammonite?
Ruby can command the highest ______-__________ price of all colored stones.
per carat
When did Madagascar become a significant source of blue sapphire?
1990's
Name two assembled emerald imitations
Beryl Triplets and Synthetic Spinel Triplets
The color resulting from lattice diffusion with what element can penetrate the entire stone?
What is beryllium?
This region is known for lower quality sourced lapis called sabz, which displays a greenish color
Where is Chile?
Moonstone went out of style during this famous art period in the 1920's
What is Art Deco?
The common name for the Pinctada fucata oyster and the natural or cultured pearls it produces
What is akoya?
Which collector's stone is known as disthene?
What is kyanite?
_________________ deals primarily in high-end rubies and gemstones from other countries.
Switzerland (sup Diego)
What trace element causes color change in color changing sapphire
Vanadium
Name two famous historical and inactive sites for emeralds
Egypt and Austria
In most igneous rocks, large crystals indicate what rate of cooling?
What is slow cooling?
This is the world's largest source of lapis as well as the best source of color called nili
Where is Afghanistan?
Historically speaking, this country was the first source for fine quality moonstone
Where is Switzerland?
The grade given when pearls show noticeable blemishes
What is Moderately Spotted?
The ornamental form of lignite coal
What is jet?
In ancient Sanskrit, ruby is called ratnaraj or?
"king of precious stones"
Blue sapphire's most common crystal habit is
spindle-shaped hexagonal pyramid or bipyramid
Who is the global leader in Zambian emerald cutting?
Jaipur, India
The result from a change during crystal growth, or from cooling or pressure after the crystal has grown
What is twinning?
This trade name describes the color of lapis as light blue or denim
What is asmani?
A translucent to opaque blue-violet diopside variety
What is violane?
The nacre quality classification described as "Nucleus not noticeable, no chalky appearance"
What is Acceptable?
What collector's stone has a Mohs hardness of 4 and 4 cleavage directions?
What is fluorite?
Ruby deposits in Thailand, Cambodia, and Madagascar are associated with what kind of deposit?
alkali-basalt
Asterism in black star sapphire is caused by
hematite
What are the 2 emerald formation environments?
metamorphic or sedimentary rock
In the mid-1980s, what became a major outlet for dealers' high-end stones?
What are auction houses?
What is turquoise's crystal system?
What is triclinic?
A diopside that is light-colored and translucent is called?
What is malacolite?
A process to prepare pearls for bleaching
What is maeshori?
Irregularly and sometimes intricately shaped glassy nodules and blobs containing gas bubbles
What is tektite?
where are the Penny Lane and John Saul mines located?
Kenya
Milky, grayish, or brownish corundum that can be treated to a fine blue color is called
Geuda
GIA decided that vanadium-influenced green color allowed Brazilian beryl to be classified as emerald around what year?
1960's (1963 for exact date)
Which country developed colored stone mining methods that are in use around the world today?
Where is Australia?