Chapter 1
feedback definition
response to a previous message, can be verbal or nonverbal
asynchronous communication vs synchronous communication
Asynchronous communication: occurs when there’s a time gap between when a message is sent and when it’s received
Synchronous communication: two-way and occurs in real time
in group vs out group definition
In groups: describes groups with whom we identify
Out groups: describe those we view as different
individual vs collectivistic culture
Individual culture: view their primary responsibility as helping themselves,
collectivistic cultures: feel loyalties and obligations to in-groups: extended family, the community, or even organizations
privacy management definition
Privacy management: describes the choices people make to reveal or conceal information about themselves
content vs relational dimension
information being explicitly discussed
express how you feel about the other person: whether you like or dislike the other person, feel incontrol or subordinate, comfortable or anxious, and so on
hyperpersonal communication definition
Hyperpersonal communication: accelerating the discussion of personal topics and relational development beyond what normally happens in face-to-face relationships
Code-switching defintion
communicators often adapt their manner of speaking when they change contexts
achievement vs nuturing culture
Achievement culture: describes societies that place a high value on material success and a focus on the task at hand.
nurturing culture: regards the support of relationships as an especially important goal
4 self disclosure factors
Honesty
Depth
Availability of information
Context of sharing
Three types of noise
External noise: factors outside the receiver that make it difficult to hear
Physiological noise: biological factors in the receiver that interfere with accurate receptions
Psychological noise: cognitive factors that make communication less effect
why we communicate
Physical needs
Identity needs
Social needs
Practical needs
Verbal communication styles
Direct vs indirect
Elaborate vs succinct
Formal vs informal
high vs low context cultures
High-context culture: relies heavily on subtle, often nonverbal cues to maintain social harmony
Low-context culture: uses language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible
presenting self definition and how we do it
a public image - the way we want to appear to others
Face: term used to describe this socially approved identity
Facework: describes the verbal and nonverbal ways in which we act to maintain our own presenting image and the images of others
leaness vs richness
Richness: describes the abundance of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message
Leanness: describes messages that carry less information due to lack of nonverbal cues
multimodailty definition
Multimodality: the ability and willingness to use multiple channels of communication
what makes self concept
Reflected appraisal: what people tell us makes us think we are that way
Social comparison: how we compare ourselves from other people
uncertainty avoidance
uncertainty avoidance: reflects the levels of discomfort or threat people feel in response to ambiguous situations and how much they try to avoid them
what is self-fulfilling prophecy and how does it happen
Self-fulfilling prophecy: occurs when a person’s expectations of an event, and her or his subsequent behavior based on those expectations, make the outcome more likely to occur
Holding an expectation (for yourself or others)
Behaving in accordance with that expectation
The expectation coming to pass
Reinforcing the original expectation
4 features of interpersonal communication and their definitions
Uniqueness: Whereas social rules and rituals govern impersonal exchanges, the nature and history of particular relationships shape interpersonal exchanges.
Interdependence: Highly interpersonal communication exchanges reveal that the fate of the partners is connected
Self-disclosure: In impersonal exchanges, we reveal little about ourselves; but in interpersonal exchanges, we often share important thoughts and feelings, usually reflecting our comfort with one another.
Intrinsic reward: Communicators in relationships characterized by impersonal exchanges seek extrinsic rewards—payoffs that have little to do with the people involved
characteristics of competent communication: communicating effectively and appropiately
Large repertoire of skills
Adaptability
Perform skillfully
Involvement
Empathy/perspective taking
Cognitive complexity: trying to understand other peoples perspectives
Self-monitoring
4 attachment styles
Secures - positive view of other people & positive view of self
Dismissive - positive view of self & negative view of other people
Preoccupied - Positive view of others & negative view of self
Fearful Avoidant - Negative view of self & negative view of other
self esteem in relation to self concept and how it fluctuates
The value we place on our self-concept
Fluctuates more than self-concept, still a general number
self-concept distortion
Obsolete information: the effects of past failures in school/social relations can linger long after they have occurred, even though such events don’t predict failure in the future and vise versa
Distorted feedback: Receiving unrealistic approval or disapproval can have a lasting impact on someone
Perfectionism: from the time most of us learn to understand language, we are exposed to models who appear to be perfect. “A well-adjusted, successful person has no faults”
Social expectations: Our perfectionist society generally rewards those who downplay their strengths