Chapter 1 - Public Speaking in Our Lives
___ is the creation of shared meaning through symbolic processes.
Communication
Being ___ means showing your audience you understand their needs and want to help them achieve their goals.
Audience-centered
___ is the physical ability to receive sounds, while ___ is the attending, receiving, interpreting, and responding to messages presented aurally.
Hearing & listening
Name the three major sections of a speech.
Introduction, body, & conclusion
Communication apprehension is an individual's level of anxiety associated with ___ or ___ communication with other people.
Real & anticipated
One reason why public speaking is important is that it helps facilitate ___: the application of reasoning to your ideas and the ideas of others.
Critical thinking
Age, gender, and race are all examples of ___, while attitudes, beliefs, and values are all examples of ___.
Demographics & psychographics
Some ways for audience members to fine tune their listening skills are to get ready to listen, minimize barriers to listening, leave distractions behind, do not rush to judgment, listen for content, take notes, provide feedback, and ___.
Be an active listener
The ___ is the broad aim of a speech, and comes in three forms: to ___, ___, or ___.
General purpose; inform, persuade, & entertain/inspire
As a speaker, this is when you will likely feel the most anxious.
Right before speaking
A person's ___ consists of specific norms, values, customs, institutions, and language.
Culture
___ is the belief that one's own culture is superior to other cultures.
Ethnocentrism
"What meaning is placed on the message?" and "How close is the interpreted message's meaning to the intended message's meaning?" are often asked during the ___ stage of listening.
Interpretation
Brainstorming
One way to handle speaking apprehension is to engage in ___ by creating a mental image of yourself performing well.
Visualization
Name the eight elements of the communication process.
Sender, receiver, message, channel, feedback, noise, occasion, & cultural context
___ include security, equality, and freedom, while ___ include ambition, intelligence, and responsibility.
Terminal values & instrumental values
Name the five criteria for evaluating speeches.
Organization, research/supporting material, analysis, language, & delivery
"To begin, we need to cover the three different types of rocks" is an example of a ___.
Internal preview
Name (in order) the four stages of speaking apprehension.
Anticipatory, confrontational, adaptation, & release
During his speech, Leo used a few slang words that his instructor did not understand, which the instructor made note of on Leo's grade sheet. This example illustrates both ___ and ___.
Semantic noise & delayed feedback
While giving the commencement address at her alma mater, Cassie decided to focus on the success and future endeavors of the graduates, instead of talking about her own personal accomplishments after graduation. This is an example of a speaker being ___.
Of the people, not above the people
While listening to a speaker discuss whether or not abortions should be legal, Alison hears statements that conflict with her opinion on the subject. In order to address this instance of ___, Alex decides to tune out the speaker by checking her social media accounts.
Cognitive dissonance
In her speech about the importance of saving sea turtles, Cara decides to talk about how sea turtles lived fifty years ago, what their habitat looks like today, and what their fate may look like in fifty years, if no action is taken. Cara has organized her speech using the ___ pattern.
Past-present-future
In his public speaking class, Gus realized that he psychologically linked any kind of speaking with feelings of anxiety and fear, regardless of the situation. To help reduce these feelings, Gus decided to speak as often as he could in class - this scenario is an example of ___.
Systematic desensitization