Comm History
This model of communication introduces the idea that psychological and physical contexts can influence communication.
What is the interaction model of communication?
Stephanie was walking across campus to the library when she noticed a flyer on the sidewalk with only a QR code and no other information. Stephanie noticing this 'out of the ordinary' flyer was this part of the perception process.
What is the selection stage of the perception process?
There are many different connotations that may come to mind when students hear that there will be a "pop quiz." The idea what we have different connotative understandings of a symbol, like "pop quiz," addresses this part of the semantic triangle of meaning.
Nonverbal behaviors that involve touch, like touching someone's arm or giving a hug, can all be categorized in this channel of nonverbal communication.
Whare are haptics?
This third stage of the listening process recognizes the fact that for us to listen well we likely should be able to remember what it is that we listen to.
What is recalling?
I have been involved in coalitional activist organizing, so part of my identity as an activist and an organizer is shaped by this element of my identity. There are only 3 to choose from in this chapter.
What is social identity?
Communication meets various needs, but one of the most fundamental is this need, which speaks to the fact that, at our core, humans need social contact to be healthy.
What is physical?
Sometimes during the perception process, we might become attuned to this construct, which could include how attractive we might find another person.
What is physical constructs?
Language is culturally specific, and that includes generational distinctions in language use. Someone might say "That's lit," when referring to the same thing that someone else might say "That's groovy" about. "Lit" and "groovy" have varied meanings, but here, they might be referred to as this kind of language.
(I promise I'm not trying to be trendy here. I have lost the plot, and I still say "yeet," so here we are!)
What is slang?
The fact that we might need more "context clues" to help us decipher the meaning of someone's nonverbal communication speaks to this characteristic of nonverbal communication.
What is ambiguous?
Sometimes no response is, indeed, a response. During the responding stage of the listening process, someone who refuses to speak or acknowledge the other person could be said to be engaging in this response behavior.
What is stonewalling?
Cultural identities are contextually specific and therefore open to change depending on the context. If my identity as a woman is culturally, contextually specific to the US, then this part of my cultural identity is this. If I was a man in the same context, it would be the opposite.
What is nondominant?
This type of communication could change with just one person. Interpersonal communication is between two people, but add a third, and you get this kind of communication.
What is group communication?
All of us have errors when we perceive others, but engaging in this practice can help us self-reflect, check our biases, and ultimately improve how we perceive others. Of course, this practice can also be used to help our perception of ourselves, too!
What is perception checking?
I might add syllables to some words, lengthening them with more of a "drawl," which would speak to this aspect of language and culture.
What is accent?
Your friend in class just finished their speech. As they make eye contact with you while sitting back down at their desk, you hold up your thumb to them and smile. A "thumbs up" in US culture is this kind of gesture, which tends to be universally recognized in the US.
What is an emblem?
You're in a small group discussion for a class, and each group has been given a question from the professor to explore together. While your group member is talking, you are planning in your mind what you will say next. This behavior is considered a barrier to effective listening.
What is response preparation?
If we think that it "makes sense" that some people with certain cultural identities should have more power over others, and we think "That's just the way it is," then we will have effectively 'bought in' to this ideology.
What is the ideology of domination?
In the transaction model of communication, this context might involve your history or previous interactions you have had with someone, and it may vary depending upon how close you are to the other person.
What is relational context?
"This person has an accent, so I don't believe I will understand this class, so I don't pay attention in this class because I know I won't understand it, and I don't seek out help because I know I won't understand it, and then at the end of the semester, I did poorly on the class just as I knew I would." Such is the case of these, which can be used to our advantage or, in this case, to our own detriment.
What are self-fulfilling prophecies?
Based on communication accommodation theory, sometimes folks will change their accent or dialect depending on the situation, which speaks to this behavior of verbal communication.
What is code-switching?
"It's not what you said."
"It's not what you said."
"It's not what you said."
Maybe it's how you said it. This speaks to a broader category of nonverbal communication.
What is paralanguage or vocal behaviors?
Jena tells her friend Jack how excited she was to get an interview for a new position at her company. Jack replied by saying "Good luck. The last time I interviewed in that department...." and proceeds to continue talking about his experiences. This listening behavior can be off-putting, and when it happens again and again, it can even harm relationships.
What is narcissistic listening?
The fact that how we understand who we are in the world and even how we understand our 'reality' is shaped by interactions with others and social, political, and cultural contexts speaks to this concept.
What is social constructionism?
To suggest that communication is constant, ongoing, and overall shapes reality as we know it for ourselves would reflect this model of communication.
What is transaction model of communication?
"Who are you?" According to this chapter, it's made of three, overlapping concepts. This concept might be how you understand yourself in relation to what you can do well. For Dr. Downing, she's got part of her sense of self wrapped up in her ability to teach well.
What is self efficacy?
Language is culturally, socially, and relationally shaped. But across every language, there is a core similarity in that we use words as these to 'stand in' for the 'thing' we are trying to describe.
What are symbols?
A student is new on campus and is trying to find the library. As they approach a passerby, they ask which direction it is in. The passerby not only says "Continue straight down this sidewalk, and then turn right," but they also extend their arm and point toward where the library building is located. This pointing is this kind of gesture.
What is an illustrator?
Someone with this listening style might become frustrated when what could have been a 2-minute set of instructions turns into 30 minutes of unfocused talking.
What is task-oriented listening?
"Why don't they do things the way we do them? How we do it here clearly makes more sense."
One might say this if they were engaged in this worldview, which limits our ability to understand and appreciate cultural differences.
What is ethnocentrism?