Modes of Persuasion
Minus Logos
Minus Logos
What is helps? or What is bolsters?
Some of the most effective persuasive speeches tend to organize the body with this element first.
What is need/problem/lack?
A speaker provides evidence that shows most college students experience some form of anxiety or depression. From this, they make a specific argument that most college students in their classroom at UGA likely suffer from anxiety and depression, too.
This speaker is employing this form of reasoning.
What is deductive?
"Why would we worry about paying for student loans when there are so many people who need help paying for their food?"
If an audience member asked this question during a speech on student loan forgiveness, they would be using this fallacy.
What is a red herring?
This mode of delivery involves reading conversationally with moments of sustained eye contact.
What is manuscript delivery?
A speaker who says "Every single one of you in this room is at risk of developing this illness" is employing this emotional appeal.
What is fear?
A student tries to argue in support of banning a certain book because they had a really bad experience reading it. If they only have their experience to go on in making their case that everyone is likely to have an equally bad experience because they did, they would be employing this fallacy.
What is a hasty generalization?
If we see patterns happen enough, like say a bunch of people selling stocks at once, it can sometimes indicate an effect or something that is to come. This form of reasoning best reflects how someone might use these patterns to persuade an audience to act in some way.
What is reasoning by sign?
"80% of Georgians support the legalization of cannabis for recreational and medicinal use. What more do I need to tell you?"
If a speaker tried to argue in favor of cannabis legalization and only employed this attempt at reasoning, they'd be using this fallacy.
What is a bandwagon fallacy?
This classical genre of speech centers on community value-building.
What is epideictic?
In Mary Fisher's speech, she explained that like many marginalized communities, she, too, has become infected with HIV, which enhances her _________ when she addresses the topic of HIV prevention and treatment.
What is ethos?
"You're either with us, or you're on the side of the enemy." This statement can be understood as this kind of fallacy.
What is a false dilemma?
A student at Georgia Tech in Atlanta looks to Georgia State's (also in Atlanta) parking and transportation systems and argues that if it worked at Tech, it's likely to work at State, since both are in similar urban environments.
This student is employing this form of reasoning.
What is analogical?
A speaker is warning against banning menthol cigarettes in the US because they're worried that if the US starts to ban cigarettes, they can also ban sodas, alcohol, and more, suggesting this might propel a new kind of prohibition era.
This speaker is employing this fallacy.
What is a slippery slope?
No matter the technical terms for what is broadly understood as stylistic language, most speakers will attempt to produce these two effects with their language.
What are rhythm and imagery?
A speaker who says "Isn't it ridiculous that news headlines are saying increasing minimum wages will hurt consumers all while CEOs are getting richer?!" is employing this appeal to emotion.
What is outrage?
To associate a graduation ceremony and its graduates with a value of failure is known as this kind of association between value and subject.
What is unsanctioned?
What are counterarguments?
"Why would we even consider this person's argument when we know that they are only in politics for their own personal gain anyway?!"
A speaker who says this during a debate is employing this kind of fallacy.
What is an ad hominem?
In addition to values, most ceremonial speeches will need to address these two other elements when they are being drafted.
What are the subject and the occasion?
"As bleak as the statistic are for mental health among college students, there are a lot of things that you all can do to change this, starting with supporting programming that aims to destigmatize mental illnesses."
This statement reflects this kind of emotional appeal.
What is empowerment?
When speakers attempt to relate to their audience and demonstrate how the proposal they offer will directly benefit them, the speaker is enhancing this mode of persuasion.
What is ethos?
A speaker wants to demonstrate to their audience that students at UGA are using prescription drugs as study aids that aren't prescribed to them and wants to show that this is a big problem. To do so, this speaker gives lots and lots of examples from anecdotes, news stories, and other data.
By using lots of examples to make a general claim that this drug use really is a problem, this speaker is employing this form of reasoning.
What is inductive reasoning?
A speaker pulls up a line graph that shows an increase in influenza infections over time with a line that shows an increase in influenza vaccinations. These two things are happening at the same time, but there is no evidence to show that increased infections are an effect of increased vaccinations.
This speaker's invocation of this graph is an attempt at one form of reasoning, but it's really this fallacy.
What is false cause?
This form of ceremonial speech typically involves lightheartedly denouncing undesirable values associated with a particular person.
What is a roast?