Refutation
A constructive process of criticizing arguments made by another person or group.
What is refutation?
A form of credibility where the arguer makes claims about their own credibility.
What is direct credibility?
A type of fallacy produced by an error in reasoning.
What is incorrect logic?
A statement of fact about the natural world made with the highest level of scientific confidence (assumes invariability under similar conditions)
What is a (scientific) law?
A complete story where an arguer puts forth a proposition and explains why it is best in a specific situation.
What is a case?
This type of argument precedes a refutation.
What is a given argument or original argument?
A characteristic of credibility which describes personal character or virtue.
What is trustworthiness?
This type of fallacy argues that meaning has been misconstrued to the point of undermining fairness in argument.
What is loaded language?
In scientific inquiry, this type of evidence is utilized through documenting human accounts through surveys then drawing generalizations from those samples.
What is testimony?
In this case structure, arguers motivate audiences to find solutions to issues.
What is a problem-solution case strategy?
In this process, arguers first state the point to be refuted, state a relevant counter-claim, support the counter-claim with evidence, then explain why the refutation undermines the original argument.
What is a four-step refutation?
A characteristic of credibility which describes an individual's propensity to fairness or helpfulness within a given situation.
What is good will?
This type of fallacy argues that misleading information has been presented.
What is "intent to deceive"?
A hypothesis which has been frequently tested.
What is a scientific theory?
This case strategy distinguishes potential effects by contrasts potential solutions to an issue.
What is comparative advantage?
A brief of possible counterarguments to use when refuting an argument
What is a refutation block?
A characteristic of credibility which describes the perceived similarity between the arguer and the audience.
What is homophily?
This type of fallacy argues that an arguer assumed causality just because one thing happened after another, or two things were in the same place
What is post hoc?
This quantitative study enables generalization of data by summarizing numeric instances.
What are statistics?
This case strategy questions the status quo by demonstrating that audience adherence to a particular idea or practice signifies a violation of criteria, thus establishing a value judgment
What is criteria-definition?
This claim refutes the argument that vaping is an adult health issue.
"Vaping has significant risks for youth"
OR
"Vaping is not a health issue for adults"
or something similar
What is indirect credibility?
This form of fallacy claims that one arguer has assumed as true the very thing they are trying to prove.
What is "begging the question"?
When data is summarized and generalized, these parameters quantify the significance of findings.
What are decision rules?
In this case strategy, the arguer identifies a need for change from the status quo, explains a plan to correct problems, then describes the practicality of the plan.
What is/are "stock issues"?