In these two books, Lippmann outlines a way to mediate between the “illogical” ordinary citizens’ democratic aspirations and those of the elites who held power.
What are Public Opinion and The Phantom Public?
100
This individual coined the term “unseen engineers”, believing that that when dealing with an “illogical” public, professionals who could understand the social and psychological factors of public opinion and master methods of communicating them were necessary.
Who is Harold Lasswell?
200
Lippmann based many insights on this field of study.
What is psychology?
200
This individual claimed that Democratic realists of the 1920′s believed in the capacity of all men for rational political action and maximizing the participation of all citizens in public life.
Who is Robert Westbrook?
300
Using a systematic approach, Lippmann aimed for this in order to formulate the ways in which the press would cover an issue.
What is perception management?
300
“Publicity could be used to ‘organize chaos’, to bring order out of confusion and social disarray”
Who is Edward Bernays?
400
In order to decrease the amount of time that the public needs to pursue rational deliberations Lippmann resorted to the use of these.
What are symbols?
400
“Man’s reflexes are…conditioned”
Who is Walter Lippmann?
500
Once a follower of popular sovereignty, Lippmann later developed views which were more of this nature.
What is utilitarian?
500
Edward Bernays points out that this individual expressed the spirit of public relations when he said “Circumstance? I make circumstance”.