Elements
The person or entity that initiates the communication by encoding and transmitting a message.
What is Sender (Encoder)?
Uses spoken or written words to convey a message.
• Examples: Conversations, speeches, phone calls, emails, letters.
What is Verbal Communication?
Encoding
The sender translates the idea into a communicable form (words, gestures, visuals, etc.).
The information, idea, or emotion that the sender wants to convey.
What is the Message?
Relies on body language, facial expressions, gestures, tone of voice, and eye contact.
• Examples: A smile, a handshake, crossed arms indicating defensiveness.
What is Non-Verbal Communication?
Feedback
The receiver responds, confirming understanding or requesting clarification.
The process of converting the message into symbols, words, gestures, or visuals that the receiver can understand.
What is Encoding?
Uses images, symbols, charts, graphs, and videos to communicate information.
• Examples: Infographics, road signs, presentations, advertisements.
What is Visual Communication?
Reception
The receiver gets the message through the selected channel.
Any interference or distraction that affects the clarity of the message (e.g., background noise, language barriers, technical issues).
What is Noise?
From subordinates to higher authority.
• Examples: Employee reports to manager, student feedback to teacher.
What is Upward Communication?
Decoding
The receiver interprets and understands the message.
The medium through which the message is transmitted (e.g., verbal, written, digital, non-verbal).
What is the Channel?
Casual and spontaneous interactions without official structure.
• Examples: Friendly chats, social media messages, workplace gossip.
What is Informal Communication?
Transmission
The message is sent through a chosen communication channel (e.g., speech, email, video).