Eye twitching, facial grimace, head trauma, tension, interjected fragments
What is secondary behaviors of stuttering?
100
most common form of stuttering
begins in the preschool years
onset is gradual
occurs in context words,and initial syllables
What is Developmental Stuttering?
100
Results from neurological diseases or trauma
occurs on function words, widely dispersed through the utterance
no secondary characteristics
no improvement with repeated reading or signing
What is Neurogenic Stuttering?
100
Four Phases
What is developmental framework
100
2-6 years
sound/syllable repetitions: generally not aware or bothered
What is Phase 1
200
Elementary School
Stuttering on context words, more habitual: child refers to self as a stutter
What is Phase 2
200
8 years old-young adult
Stuttering in response to situations: little fear, avoidance, embarrassment
What is Phase 3?
200
Most Advanced
Fearful anticipation, avoidance of words/situation, embarrassment
What is Phase 4
200
Actual physical cause of stuttering
What is organic theory?
200
Stuttering is a learned result
What is Behavioral Theory
300
Contends stuttering is a neurotic symptom
What is Psychological Theory?
300
Detailed analysis of stuttering
Average number of each type of disfluency
Standardized tests are used
What is evaluation of stuttering?
300
Loss of eye contact on more than 50% of utterances
Sound prolongation more than 25% of total disfluency
A score of 18 or more on the SPI
At least one adult expressing concern
What is when therapy recommendation should be considered
300
prolonged speech, pausing/phrasing,response-contingent program