Gaston
Groff et al. explore whether benefits simply displaced crime (move it to another area) or if there was actually a diffusion of benefits (other nearby areas benefited as well).
What is diffusion?
Key findings of Kirk 2009
What is findings suggest that moving
away from former places of residence serves
some benefit for parolees.
This theory suggests the disruptive effects of population turnover created by the cycling of offenders between prison and the community starts to overwhelm the protective effects of incarceration.
What is coercive mobility?
What prior work has concluded about immigrants and crime.
The data source does Gaston uses to examine arrest disparities
What is arresting officer police reports?
The key finding from Groff et al.
Only offender focused policing seemed to reduce crime rates in hotspots.
The two thinks Kirk says we know from the literature but have yet to piece together.
What is ex-prisoners tend to be geographically concentrated and recidivism is high.
the formal laws and policies that shape probation and parole as well as informal guidelines that allow for discretion over reporting and sanctioning.
What are supervision regimes?
The relationship between coffeeshops and homicides/robberies.
What is strongly negative, but interacts with race.
This is the race neutral explanation for higher drug arrest rates among black citizens despite comparable drug use.
What is that "racially disparate policing represents officers’ reasonable, nondiscriminatory responses to legitimate factors disproportionately found in neighborhoods of color, such as high violent crime, disorder, economic disadvantage, and calls for service." (p. 3).
The theories Groff and team invoke to explain why hot spots policing will work.
What are deterrence and opportunity theories?
The natural event Kirk capitalized on to examine prisoner reentry
What is Hurricane Katrina?
The two key questions Morenoff and Harding explore.
What is How has mass incarceration affected the social and economic structure of American communities, and how do residential neighborhoods influence the process of reintegration among returning prisoners?
The definition of gentrification.
What is "a churning process that involves the in-migration of wealth and the outmigration of poverty, most often resulting in over time increases in median household incomes, property values, and presence of lifestyle amenities that appeal to the tastes—and meet the demands of—the wealthier residents." (p. 216).
The key things Gaston says people ignore when they rely on the race-neutral defense?
Historical legacy of manufactured social conditions
Problems are framed in such away that our laws disproportionately impact minority communities
Order maintenance and stop & frisk
The law of crime concentration.
What is that a small number of micro places are responsible for a large portion of the crime occurring in a city?
How selection bias makes it difficult to disentangle causal effects.
•Rather than the neighborhood contributing to recidivism, it could be that the kinds of people most likely to recidivate self-select into those neighborhoods.
•Or, could be that those who “return home” are different in some unmeasured way than those who reenter in a different neighborhood.
The arguments at the individual and community level for why crime risks may be reduced as a result of incarceration
Incapacitation, specific deterrence, and rehabilitation.
Incapacitation of the pool of potential offenders Enhanced informal social control by reducing level of community engagement, general deterrence
From the theories we've discussed in prior sections, an explanation for why immigrant communities have lower crime rates.
kinship, social-ties, bolstering of parochial controls and economic investment.
The key findings of Gaston's study.
Black people and places overrepresented due to different approaches and justifications for policing (more proactive).
The things police might be doing at hotspots.
What is foot patrol, POP, and offender focused policing
The four key features of the prison boom.
What is disproportionate rise for minorities (particularly for men), disproportionate rise in minority communities, exacerbates the pre-existing inequalities, and combined with a boom in community corrections.
The differences Ramey finds between established immigrant destinations and new immigrant destinations.
Receptive context in established areas. Only receptive for Latinx communities in new destination cities. On the other hand net-increase in crime for White and African American immigrant communities in new destination cities.